INTRODUCTION Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Consists bone of head, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
A
Axial skeleton
2
Q
Bones of the extremities
A
appendicular skeleton
3
Q
calcified connective tisue consistings of cells(osteocytes0 embbed in a matrix of ground substance and collagen fibers
A
Bones
- have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone
- contain internal soft tissue, the marrow
4
Q
includes the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, and phalanges
A
Long bones
5
Q
Long bones developed by replacement of hyaline cartilage plate called __________
A
Endochondral ossification
6
Q
Forms shaft (central region) and is composed of a thick tube of compact bone that encloses the marrow cavity
A
Diaphysis
7
Q
Part of the diaphysis, the growth zone between the diaphysis and epiphysis
A
Metaphysis
8
Q
Expanded articular ends, separated from the shaft by epiphyseal plate during bone growth and composed of apsongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone
A
Epiphyses
9
Q
Include the carpal and tarsal bones and are approximately cuboid shaped
A
Shot bones
- composed of spongy bone and marrow surrounded by a thin outer layer of compact bone
10
Q
Include the ribs, sternum, scapulae, and bones in the vault of the skull.
A
Flat bones
- Consist of 2 layers of compact bone eclosing spongy bine and marrow space (diploe)
- Have articular surface that are covered with fibrocartilage and grow by the replacement of Connective tissues
11
Q
Includes bones of mixed shapes such as bones of the skull, vertebrae, and coxa
A
Irregular bones
- Contain mostly spongy bone enveloped by a thin outer layer of compact bone
12
Q
Developed in certain tendons and reduce friction on the tendon, thus protecting it from excessive wear
A
Sesamoid bone
- commonly found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs, as in the wrist and the knee
13
Q
Gradual softening of the bone due to failure of the bone to calcify because of lack of vitamin D or renal tubular dysfunction
A
Osteomalacia
14
Q
Decreased calcification of bone or a reduced bone mass due to an inadequate osteoid synthesis
A
Osteopenia
15
Q
age related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and icnreased susceptibility to fractures of the hip, vertebra, and wrist
A
Osteoporosis
16
Q
abnormally denses bone, obliterating the marrow cavity, due to defective resorption of immature bone
A
Osteopetrosis
17
Q
Places if union between 2 or more bones
A
Joints
18
Q
The nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles that move the joint and the skin covering the insertion of such muscles
A
Hilton’s law
19
Q
Joined by fibrous tissue, have NO joint cavities, and permit little movement
A
Synarthroses
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- connected by fibrous connective tissue
- occur as the interior tibiofibular and tympanostapedial syndesmoses
20
Q
United by cartialhe and have NO joint cavity
A
Cartilaginous joints
21
Q
unite by hyaline cartilage and permit no movement but growth in the length
A
Primary cartilaginous Joints (synchodroses)
- Epiphyseal cartilage plates
- sphenooccipital and manubriosternal synchodroses
22
Q
Are joined by fibrocartilage and are slightlu movable joints
A
Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses)
- Pubic symphysis
- intervertebral disks
23
Q
Permit a great degree of free movement and are classified according to the shape of the articulation and/or type of movement
A
Synovial (Diarthrodial)
- Plane(gliding) joints
- Hinge (Ginglymus) joints
- Pivot (trochoid) joints
- Condylar(ellipsoidal) joints
- Saddle (sellar)joints
- Ball and socker (spheroidal or cotyloid) joints
24
Q
united by 2 flat articualr surfaces and allow a simple gliding or sliding of one bone over the other
Occur in the proximal tibiofibular, intertarsal, intercarpal, intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal and acromioclavicular joints
A
Plane (gliding) joints
25
Resemble dorr hinges and allow only flexion and extension.
Occur in the elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints
Hinge (ginglymus) joints
26
Formed by central bony pivot turning within a bony ring and allow only rotation (movement around a single longitudinal axis)
Occur in the superior and inerior radioulnar joints and in the atlantoaxial joint
Pivot (trochoid) joints
27
Have two convex condyles articualting with two concave condyles.
allow flexion and extension and occur in the wrist (radiocarpal), metacarpophalangeal, knee (tibiofemoral) and atlantooccipital joints
Condylar (Ellipsoidal)
28
Resembe a saddle on a horse's back and allow flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction but no axial rotation.
occur in the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and between the femur and patella
Saddle (sellar) joints
29
formed by the reception of aglobular (ball-like) head into a cup-shaped cavity and allow movement in many directions
Allow flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotations, and circumduction and occur in the shoulder and hip joints
Ball and Socker (Spheroidal or cotyloid) joints
30
Consists predominantly of contractile cells, produces the movements of various parts of the body by contraction, and occurs in 3 types
Muscles
31
Voluntary and striated; makes up approximatlet 40% of the total body mass; and fucntions to produce movement of the body, generate bidy heat, and maintain body posture
Skeletal muscle
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Skeletal muscle is enclosed by \_\_\_\_, a thin layer of connective tissue
Epimysium
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Smaller bundles of muscle fibers are surrounded by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
perimysium
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Each muscle fiber is enclosed by
endomysium
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fatal neurologic disease that attacks the neurons responsible for controlling voluntary muscles. The muscles gradually weaken and atrophy; the brain is unable to control voluntary movemebnt of the arms, legs, and body. PAtients lose the ability to breath, swallow, and speak
Lou Gehrig's disease (Amyotropic lateral sclerosis)
36
onvoluntary and striaterd and forms the myocardium
Cardiac muscle
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Involuntary and nonstriated and generally arranged in two layers, circular and longitudinal
Smooth muscles
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Fibrous bands of dense connective tissue that connect muscles to bones or cartilage
Tendons
Supplied by sensory fibers extending from muscle nerves
39
Fibrous bands that conenct bones to bones or cartilage or are folds of peritoneum serving to support visceral structures
Ligaments
40
the line of union of symmetrical structures by a fibrous or tendinous band such as the pterygomandibular, pharyngeal and scrotal
Raphe
41
Flat fibrous sheets or expandeed broad tendons that attach to muscles and serve as the means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle
Aponeuroses
42
fibrous band that golds a structure in place in the region of joints
Retinaculum
43
fluid filled flattened sacs of synovial membrane that facilitate movement by minimizing friction
Bursae
44
synovial dluid filled tubular sacs around muscle tendons that facilitate movement bu reducing friction
Synovial tendon sheaths
45
fibrous sheet that envelops the body under the skin and invests the muscles and may limit the spread of pus and extravasated fluids such as urine and blood.
Fascia
46
loose connective tissue between the dermis and the deep (investing fascia) and has a fatty superficial layer and a membranous deep layer
Superficial fascia
47
sheet of fibrous tissue that invests the muscle and helps support them by serving as an elastic sheath or stocking
Provides origins or insertions for muscles, forms fibrous sheaths or retinacula for tendons, and forms potential pathwats for infection or extravasation of fluids
Deep fascia
48
The nervous system is divided anatomically into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
CNS and PNS
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The PNS consists of \_\_\_\_\_pairs of cranial nerves and ______ pairs of spinal nerves and their associated ganglia
12
31
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The nervous system is functionally divided into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Somatic and visceral(autonomic)
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Structural and functional units of the the nervous system
Neurons
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located in the **gray matter** of the CNS and their colelctions are called **ganglia** in the PNS and **nuclei** in the CNS
Cell bodies
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usually short and highly branches and carry impulses toward the cell body
Dendrites
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Usually single and long, have fewer branches, and carry impulses away from the cell body
Axons
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Classification of neurons
* Unipolar
* One process
* sensory neurons of the PNS
* found in the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia
* Bipolar
* olfactory epithelium, the retina, adn the inner ear
* Multipolar neurons
* several dendrites and one axon
* most common in the CNS (anterior and lateral horns of the spinal cord, autonomic ganglion cells)
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Collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
Ganglia
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Collection of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
Nucleus
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Cells that support neurons
* Schwann and satelittes cells in PNS
* Neuroglia in the CNS
* astrocytes
* oligodendrocytes
* microglia
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fat like substance forming a sheath around certain nerve fibers
Myelin.
60
Myelin is formed by _______ in the PNS and ________ in the CNS
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
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sites of functional contact of a neuron with another neuron, an effector cell or an sensory receptor cell
Synapses
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This matter consists largely of nerve cell bodies, dendrites and neuroglia
Gray matter
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Consists largey of axons forming tracts or pathways
White matter
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Spinal cord has centrally located _________ and a peripherallu located\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Gray matter
White matter
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Conical end of the spinal cord
Conus medullaris
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Spinal cord ends at the level of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
L2 (or between L1 and L2) in adults
L3 in the newborn
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Interval between the arachnoid and pia matter
Subarachnoid space
| (filled with CSF)
68
Cranial nerves emerge from the ventral aspect of the brain except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Trocheal nerve (IV)
69
Spinal nerves consists of 31 pairs
\_\_\_ cervical, __ thoracic \_\_\_lumbar \_\_\_sacral\_\_\_\_\_\_coccygeal
8
12
5
5
1
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Spinal nerves are connected with the sympathetic chain ganglia by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
rami communicantes
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Spinal nerves contain sensory fibers with cell bodies in the _________ (general somatic afferent and general visceral afferent)
Dorsal root ganglion
72
Spinal nerves contain motor nerve fibers with cell boides in the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (general somatic efferent)
Anterior horn
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Spinal nerves conatin motor fibers with cell bodies in the ________ (general visceral efferent)
lateral horn
74
The spinal nerves are divided into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ventral and dorsal primary rami
* Ventral
* enter into the formation of plexuses
* Dorsal
* innervate the skin and deep muscles of the back
75
Transmit pain, temperature, touch and propioception from the body to the CNS
General somatic afferent fibers
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Carry motor impulses to the Skeletal muscles of the body
general somatic efferent fibers
77
Convey sensory impusles from visceral organs to the CNS
General visceral afferent fibers
78
Transmit motor impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissues
General visceral efferent fibers (Autoniomic nerves)
79
Convey special sensosry impilses of vision, hearing, and equilibrium to the CNS
Special Somatic afferent fibers
80
Transmit smell and taste sensations to the CNS
Special Visceral afferent fibers
81
Conduct motor impulses to the muscles of the head and neck
Arise from bacriomeric structures such as msucles for amstication, msucles for facial expresiion, and muscles for elevation of the pharynx and movement of the larynx
Special Visceral Efferent fibers
82
Autonomic nervous system is divided into
Sympathetic (thoracolumbar outflow) and parasymapthetic (craniosacral output) and enteric divisions
83
Sympathetic nerve fibers
* Preganglionic nerve cell bodies that are located in the lateral horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar levels
* **Preganglionic fibers**
* pass through the ventral roots, spinal nerves, and white rami communicantes
* enter adjacent sympathetic chain ganglia
* **Postganglionic fibers**
* from the chain ganglia that return to spinal nerves by way of gray rami communciantes and supply the skin with secretory fibers to sweat glands, motor fibers to smooth muscles of the hair follicles and vasomotor fibers
* Emergencies or catabolism **(FIght or flight)**
* **Liberate NE = adrenergic**
84
Parasympathetic nerve fibers
* Comprise the preganglionic fibers that arise from the brain stem (CN III, VII, IX,X) and scaral part of the spinal cor (2nd, 3rd, 4th sacral segments)
* long preganglionic fibers
* short postganglionoc fibers
* Function primarily in homeostasis or anabolism
85
Fucntions of autonomic nerves
86
Transports blood form the RV through the PA to the lungs for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide and returns it to the LA through the PV
Pulmonary circualrion
87
Transport blood from the LV through the aorta to all parts of the body and returns it to the RA through the superior and inferior venae cavae and the cardiac veins
Systemic circulation
88
Carry blood from the heart to the capilalry beds and have thicker walls
Arteries
* Elastic
* muscular
* arterioles
89
Composed of endothelium and its basement membrane and connect the arterioles to the venules
sites for the exchange of CO2, O2, nutrients and waste products between the tissues and the blood
Capillaries
90
Return blood to the hear from the capillary beds
Veins
91
wider and more irregular than capillaries and substitute for capillaries in some organs
Sinusoids
92
a system of vessels in which blood collected from one capillary network passes througj a large vessel and then a second capilalry network before it resurns to the systemic circulation
Portal system
* Hepatic portal system
* hypophyseal portal system
93
largest lymphatic vessel
thoracic duct
94
serve as one way drainage toward the heart and return lymph to the bloodstream
Lymphathic vessels
95
Function of lymphatic vessels
* absorb large protein molecules and transport them to the blood stream
* Carry lymphocytes
* Have valves - beaded appearance
* Absent in the
* Brain
* Spinal cord
* Eyeballs
* bone marrow
* splenic pulp
* hyaline cartilage
* nails
* hair
96
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ begin blindly in most tissues, collect tissue fluid and join to form large collecting vessels and pass to regional lymph nodes
Lymphatic capillaries
97
Lymphatic capillaries are called _______ in the villi of small intestinesm where they absorb emulsified fat
Lacteal
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organized collections of lymphatic tissue permeated by lymph channels
Lymph nodes
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Clear watery fluid that iscollected from the intercellular spaces
Lymph
* Often contains fat droplets (chyle) when it comes from the intestinal organs
