BACK Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
The vertebral column consists of ________ vertebrae
A
33
- 7 cervical
- 12 Thoracic
- 5 fused sacral
- 4 fused coccygeal
2
Q
Primary curvatures are located in the
A
Thoracic and sacral regions
3
Q
Th secondary curvatures are located in the
A
Cervical and lumbar regions
4
Q
Typical Vertebra
A
Consist of a body and a vertebral arch with several processes for articular and muscular attachment
5
Q
Us a short cyclinder, supports weight, and is separated and also bound togeher b the intervertebra; disks forming the cartilaginous joints
A
Body of the vertebra
6
Q
The body of the vertebra have _________located anterior to the pedicles which articulate with the heads of the corresponding and subjacent (just below0 ribs
A
Costal faets or processes of the thoracic vertebra
7
Q
forward slip of one vertebra over another, usually of the 5th lumbar vertebra over the body of the sacrum
A
Spondylolisthesis
8
Q
degenerative osteoarthritis of the vertebral joints.
A
Spondylosis
9
Q
Inflammation of the vertebrae
A
Spondylitis
10
Q
epiphyseal osteocchondrosis of vertebral bodies commonly in the thoracic vertebrae. It occur when the front parts of the thoracic vertebrae do not grow as fast as the back parts and thus form a wedge shape, leading to kyphosis
A
Scheuermann’s disease
11
Q
Consists of paired pedicles laterally and paired laminae posteriorly
Forms the foramen with the vertebral body and protects the spinal cord andassociated structures
A
vertebral (neural) arch
12
Q
Projects posteriorly from the junction of 2 laminae of the vertebral arch.
Bifid in the cervical region spine like in the thoracic region, oblong in the lumbar region
A
Spinous process
13
Q
Projects laterally on each side from te jucntion of the pedicle and the lamina; Articulate with the tuberclesof ribs 1 to 10 in the thoracic region
as transverse foramina in the cervical region
A
Transverse process
14
Q
Are 2 superior and 2 inferior projections from the junction of laminae and pedicles
Articulate with other articular proesses of the arch above or below, forming Plane synovial joints
A
Articular Processes (facets)
15
Q
Are tubercles on the superior articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae
A
Mamillary process
16
Q
Projects backward from the base of the transverse process and lateral and inferior to the mamillary proess of a lumbar vertebra
A
Accessory Processes
17
Q
Formed by the vertebral bodies and vertebral arches (pedicles and laminae)
Collectively form the vertebral canal and transmit the spinal cord with its meningeal coverings nerve root and associated vessels
A
Vertebral foramina
18
Q
located between the inferior and superior surfaces of the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
Transmit the spinal nerves and accompanying vessels as they exit the vertebral canal
A
Vertebral foramina
19
Q
Are present in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae
transmit the vertebral artery (except c7), vertebral veins, and autonomic nerves
A
Transverse foramina
20
Q
congenital defect manifested as a short, stiff neck resulting from reduction in the number of cervical vertebrae ir extensive fusion of the cervical vertebrae, which causes low hairline and limited motion of the neck
A
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
21
Q
Form the secondary cartilaginous joints between the bodies of 2 vertebrae from the axisto the sacrum
A
Intervertebral disks
(No disk between the atlas and the axis)
22
Q
Central mucoid substance of the intervertebral disk
A
Nucleu pulposus
23
Q
The intervertebral disks are avascular except for their _______, which are supplied from the adjacent blood vessels
A
peripheries
24
Q
Nucleus pulposus is a remnant of the embryonic ________ and is situated in the central portion of the intervertebral disk
A
Notochord
25
consists of concentric layers of fibrous tissue and fibrocartilage.
Binds the vertebral column together, retains the nucleus ulposus, and permits a limited amount of movement
Annulus fibrosus
26
First cervical vertebra (Atlas)
* Supports the skull
* **Widest** of the cervical vertebrae
* **No body No spine**
* consists of anterior and posterior arches and paired transvere processes
* Articulates superiorly with the **occipital condyles** of the skull to form the atlanto-occipital joints and inferiorly with the **axis** to form the **atlantoaxial joints**
27
Second Cervical Vertebrae(Axis)
* Smallest transverse process
* characterized by the dens (odontoid process),
* Supported by
* cruciform ligaments
* apical ligaments
* alar ligaments
* tectotrial membrane
28
fracture of the pedicles of the axis (C2), which may occur as a result of judicial hanging or automobile accidents
In this fracture, the cruciform liagament is torn and the the spinal cord is crushed, causing death
Hangman's fracture
29
3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae
* Are typical cervical vertebrae and have short bifid spinous processes and transverse processes with anterior and posterior tubercles and transverse foramina for the vertebral vessels
30
called the **vertebra prominens** because it has long spinous process that is nearly horizontal, ends in a single tubercle (bot bifid) and forms a visible protrusion
Provides an attachment site for the **ligamentum nuchae,** **supraspinous ligaments**, and numerous back muscles
C7
31
Thoracic vertebra
* **have costal facets**; the **superior costal facet** on the body articulates with the head of the corresponding rib, whereas the inferior facet articulates with the subjacent rib (just below)
* Have tansverse process that **articulates with the tubercle of the corresponding rib**
* Have a typical thoracic vertebrae (2nd to 8th thoracic vertebra)
32
Lumbar vertebrae
* Distinguished by their large bodies, sturdy lamiane and absence of costal facets
* the **L5 has the largest body** vertebrae
* Characterized by a strong, massive transverse process and have **mamillary and accessory processes**
33
Large, traingular, wedge-shaped bone composed of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
sacrum
34
the sacrum has ____ pairs of foramina fot the exit of the ventral and dorsal primary rami of the first 4 sacral nerves
4
35
The prominent anterior edge of the first sacral vertebra (S1)
Promontory
36
the superior and lateral part of the sacrum, which is formed by the fused transverse processes and fused costal processes of the first sacral vertbera
Ala
37
formed by fused spinous processes
Median sacral crest
38
formed by the failure of the laminae of vertebra S5 to fuse. It is used for the administration of caudal (extradural) anesthesia
Sacral hiatus
39
formed by pedicles of the 5th sacral vertebra. It is an important landmark for locating the sacral hiatus
Sacral cornu or horn
40
Wedge shaped bone formed by the union of the 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
Provides attachment for the coccygeus and levator ani muscles
Coccyx
41
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
* Runs from the skull (**occipital bone**) to the **sacrum** on the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks
* Narrowest at the upper part
* widens at it descneds
* Limits extension of tbe vertebral column, supports the **annulus fibrosus anteriorly**, and resits gravitational pull
42
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
* Interconnects the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks posteriorly and **narrows as it descends**
* Supports the **posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies** and the **annulus fibrosus**
* run **anterior to the spinal** cord within the vertebral canal
* **Limits flexion** of the vertebral column and resists gravitational pull
43
Ligamentum Flavum
* Connects the laminae of two adjeacent vertebrae and fucntions to maintain the upright posture
* Forms the posterior wall of the vertebral canal between the vertebrae and may be pierced during **lumbar (spinal) puncture**
44
**Triagnular shaped median fibrous septum** betwen the muscles on the two sides of the posterior aspect of the neck
Formed by **thickened supraspinous ligaments** that extend from vertebra C7 to the external occipital protuberance and crest
Attached to the posterior tubercle of the atlas and to the spinous processes of the other cervical vertebrae
Ligamentum Nuchae (Back of Neck)
45
Vertebral venous system
Valveless plexiform of veins, forming interconnecting channels
46
Internal Vertebral Venous Plexus
* **Epidural spaces**
* Receives : spinal cord and vertebrae, vertebral veins, basilar plexus, and occipital and sigmoid dural sinuses
* Anterior and posterior ladder like by anastomosisng longitudinal and transverse veins
* Drains into degmental veins by **intervertebral veins**
* Anterior veins receive the **basivertebral veins**
* **route of early metastasis of carcinoma** from the lung, breast, and prostate gland to bones and the CNS
47
External Vertebral Venous plexus
* Consist of
* Anterior part
* infront of the vertebral column
* Posterior part
* lies on the vertebral arch
* Communciates with the internal venous plexus by
* Intervertebral and basivertebral veins
48
Arises form the **venous pelxuses around the foramen magum** and in the **suboccipital region**, passes with the vertebral artery through the transverse foramina of the upper six cervical vertebrae and empties into the **brachiocephalic vein**
Vertebral Vein
49
Triangle of Auscultation
* **Latissimus dorsi** anteriorly
* **trapezius** laterally
* **Scapula** medially
* **rhomboid major** as floor
* site where breathing sounds can be heard most clearly
50
Formed by the **iliac crest, latissimus dorsi**, and posterior free border of the **external oblique** abdominal muscle; its floor formed by the **internal oblique** abdominal muscle.
Site of an abdominal hernoa
Lumbar Triangle (of Petit)
51
Invests the deep muscles of the back, having an anterior layer that lies anterior to the erector spinae and attaches to the vertebral transverse process and a posterior layer that lies posterior to the erector spinae and attaches to the spinous processes
Thoracolumbar (Lumbodorsal) fascia
* Provides the origins of the latissimus dorsi and the internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscles
52
Occipital artery
* Arises formt he External carotid artery
* deep to the SCM. lies on the obliquus capitis superior and semispinalis capitis
* Accompanied by the **greater occipital nerve (c2)**
* ****scalp of the occipital region
* Gives off
* Descending branch
* Superficial branch
* anastomose with the transverse cervical artery
* Deep branch
* anastomose with the deep cervical artery from the costocervical trunk
53
Transverse Cervical Artery
* Arises from the thyrocervical trunk of the **subclavain artery**
* Dividies
* **Superficial** (Superficial cervical artery)
* **Ascending branch**
* upper part of the trapezius
* **Descending branch**
* accompanies the spinal accessory nerve on the deep surface of the trapezius
* **Deep branch** (dorsal scapular or descending scapular)
* accompanies the **dorsal scapular nerve** (C5) deep to the levator scapulae and the rhomboids
54
Trapezius
O: External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7-T12
I: Spine of scapula, acromion, and lateral 3rd of clavicle
N: Spinal accessory nerve, C3-C4
A: Adducts, rotates, elevates, and depresses scapula
55
Levator Scapulae
O: transverse processes of C1-C4
I: Medial border of scapula
N: Dorsal Scapular nerve (c5); C3-C4
A: Elevates scapula; rotates glenoid cavity
56
Rhomboid major
O: Spines of T2-T5
I: Medial border of scapula
N: Dorsal scapular nerve
A: Adducts Scapula
57
Rhomboid minor
O: Spines of C7-Tq
I: Root of spine of scapula
N: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
A: Adducts scapula
58
Latissimus dorsi
O: spines of T7-T12, thoracodorsal fascia, iliac crest, ribs 9-12
I: floor of bicipital groove of humerus
N: thoracodorsal nerve
A: Adducts, extends, and rotates arms medially; depresses scapula
59
Serratus posterior superior
O: Ligamentum nuchae, supraspinal ligament, spines of C7 to T3
I: Upper border of the ribs 2-5
N: intercostal nerve (T1-T4)
A: Elevares Ribs
60
Serratus posterior-inferior
O: supraspinous ligament and spines of T11-L2
Insertion: Lower border of ribs
N: Intercostal nerve (T9-12)
A: Depresses ribs
61
Accessory nerve
* Consists of
* cranial portion
* joins the vagus nerve
* Spinal portion
* runs deep to the SCM. lies on the levator scapulae, and passes deep the trapezius
* Innervates
* SCM
* Trapezius
62
Dorsal Scapular nerve (C5)
* derived from the ventral priamry ramus of the C5
* runs along woth the deep branch of the cervical artery
* innervates
* rhomboid major and minor
* levator sacpulae muscles
63
Greater Occipital nerve (C2)
* Derived as a medial branch of the dorsal primary ramus, the C2
* Crosses obliquely between the obliquus inferior and semispinalis capitis
* cutaneous innervation in the occipital region
* innervate
* semispinalis capitis
64
Third (least) Occipital nerve (c3)
* Derived from the dorsal primary ramus of the C3
* ascends across the suboccipital region
* pierces trapezius
* supplies cutaneous innervation in the occipital region
65
Lesser Occipital Nerve (C2)
* derived from the ventral primary ramus of C2
* Cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus and ascends along the psoterior border of the sternocleidomastoid to the scalp behind the auricle
66
Muscles of the superficial layer: Spinotransverse Group
* Spinus capitis and splenius cervicis
* Originate from the spinous pocess
* Inserts into the transverse process and on the mastoid process and the superior nuchal line
* Innervated
* dorsal primary rami of the middle and lower cervical spinal nerves
* **Extend, rotate, and laterally flex** the head and the neck
67
Muscles of the Intermediate Layer: Sacrospinalis Group
* Erector spinae (sacrolspinalis)
* divided into 3 columns
* Iliocostalis (lateral)
* Longissimus (intermediate)
* spinalis (medial)
* origin: sacrum, ilium, ribs, and spinous process of lumbar and lower thoracic vertebra
* Inserts on:
* ribs : **iliocostalis**
* transverse process and mastoid process: **Longissimus**
* Spinous processes: **spinalis**
* Innervated
* dorsal priamry rami of spinal nerves
* Extend, rotate, and laterally flex the vertebral column and head
68
Muscles of the deep layer: Transversospinalis group
* Semispinalis (cepitis, cervics, thoracis), multifidus, rotators
* **Semispinalis**
* O: from the transverse porcees and insert into the scal and the spinous process
* **Rotators:**
* run from transverse process to the spinous processes 2 vertebrae above (longus) and one vertebra below (brevis)
* **Multifidus**
* O: sacrum, ilium, and transverse processes and inserts on the spinous processes
* lumabr region
* Innervated
* Dorsal primary of the spinal nerves
* Extend and rotate the head, neck, and trunk
69
The segmental muscles consist
* **Interspinales**
* Adjacent spinous process
* aid in extension of the vertebral column
* **Intertransversarii**
* Adjacent transverse process
* Aid in lateral flexion of the vertebral column
* **Levatores Costarum (longus and brevis)**
* From the transverse processes to ribs, elevate the rib
* Innervated by intercostal nerves
70
Bound medially by the **rectus capitis posterior majo**r muscle, laterally by the **obliquus capitis superior muscle**, and inferiorly by the **obliquus capitis inferior muscle**
Has roof formed by **semispinalis capitis and longissimus capitis**
Has floor **formed by the posterior arch of the atla**s and **posterior atlanto-occipital membrane**
Contains **veterbral aretry and suboccipital nerve and vessels**
Suboccipital triangle
71
Derived from the dorsal ramus of C1 and emerges between the vertebral artery above and the posterior arch of the atlas below
Supplies the muscles of the suboccipital triangle and semispinalis capitis
Contains skeltal muscle motor fibers and no cutaneous sensory fibers. but occasionally has a cutaneous branch
Suboccipital nerve
72
Rectus capitis Posterior
O: Spine of axis
I: lateral portion of inferior nuchal line
N: suboccipital
A: extends, rotates, and flexes head laterally
73
Rectus capitis posterior minor
O: Posterior tubercle of atlas
I: occipital bone below inferior nuchal line
N: Suboccipital
A: Extends, rotates, and flexes head laterally
74
Obliquus capitis superior
O: Transverse process of atlas
I: Occipital bone below inferior nuchal line
N: suboccipital
A: Extends, rotates, and flexes head laterally
75
Obliquus capitis inferior
O: spine of axis
I: Transverse process of atlas
N: Suboccipital
A: Extends and rotates head laterally
76
Arises from the sublacian artery and ascends through the transverse foramina of the upper 6 vertebrae
Winds behind the lateral mass of the atlas, runs in a groove on the superior surface of the posterior arch of the atlas
Gives off an anterior spinal and 2 posterior spinal arteries
Vertebral Artery
77
Formed in the suboccipital triangle by the union of tributaties from the venous plexus around the foramen magnum, suboccipital venous plexus, the intervertebral veins, and the internal and external vertebral venous plexus
vertebral veins
78
The vertebral veins empty into the
Brachiocephalic vein
79
condylor synovial joint that occurs between the superior articular facets of the atlas and occipital condyles
Involved primarily in flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the head
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
80
Synovial joints consisting of 2 lateral plane joints, which are between the articular facets of the atlas and the axis and one median pivot joint between the dens of the axis and the anterior arch of the atlas
Involved in rotation of the atlas and head
Atlantoaxial joints
81
Components of the Occipitoaxial ligament
* Cuciform ligament
* Apical Ligament
* Alar ligament
* Tectorial membrane
82
Cruciform ligament
* **Transverse ligament**
* between the lateral masses of the atlas, arching over the dens of the axis
* **Longitudinal ligament**
* From the dens to the axis to the anterior aspect of the foramen magnum and to the body of the axis
83
[Occipitoaxial ligament]
Extends from the apex to the dens to the anterior aspect of the foramen magum
Apical
84
[Occipitoaxial ligament]
Extends from the apex of the dens to the tubercle on the medial side of the occipital condyle
Alar ligament
85
upward extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament from the body of the axis to the basilar part of the occipital bone anterior to the foramen magnum
Covers posterior surface of the dens and the apical, alar, cruciform ligaments
Tectotial membrane
86
The spinal cord contains ______ which is located in the interior
Gray matter
87
conical end of the spinal cord
Conus medullaris
88
The spinal cord receives blood from the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Anterior spinal artery
* 2 posterior spinal arteries from the branches of the
* vertebral
* cervical
* posterior intercostal
* lumbar
89
congenital anomaly resulting from defective closure of the neural tube.
Characterized by the abnormally low conus medullaris
Tethered cord syndrome
90
Congenital cerebellomedullary malformation in which the cerebellum and medulla oblongata protrude down into the vertebral canal through the foramen magnum
Arnold Chiari (or CHiari) deformity
91
Spinal nerves consists 0f \_\_\_\_pairs
31
* 8 cervical
* 12 thoracic
* 5 lumbar
* 5 sacral
* 1 coccygeal
92
The spinal nerves are divided into
* Dorsal primary rami
* skin and deep muscles of the back
* Ventral primary rami
* forms plexuses
* C1-C4: Cervical
* C5-T1: brachial
* L1-L4: Lumbar
* L4-S4: sacral
* T1-T11: intercostal
* T12 Subcostal
93
The spinal nerves are connected with the sympathetic chain ganglia by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Rami communciantes
94
Spinal nerves contain _________ with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion
Sensory (GSA and GVA fibers)
95
The spinal nerves contain ____________ with cell bodies in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
Motor (GSE) fibers
96
Contain _______________ with cell bodies in the intermediolateral cell column in the lateral horn of the spinal cord (segments between T1-L2)
Preganglionic sympaythetic (GVE) fibers
97
The spinal nerves contain _________________ with cell bodies in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord segments between S2 and S4,
Pregangnglionic parasymapthetic (GVE) fibers
* Leave the sacral nerves via the pelvic splanchnic nerves
98
Innermost meningeal layer
Pia mater
99
The pia mater has lateral etensions called ____ between dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves
Denticulate ligaments
100
Inferior extension of meninges
Filum terminale
101
filmy, transparent, spidery layer connected to the pia mater by web-like trabeculations.
Forms the subarachnoid space
Arachnoid Mater
102
The enlarged subarachnoid space between L1 and S2
Lumbar cistern
103
Tough, fibrous, outermist layer of meninges
Dura mater
104
The ______ is external to the dura mater and contains the internal vertebral venous pelxus
Epidural space
105
formed by a great lash of dorsal and vental roots of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves that surround the filum terminale
Cauda Equina (Horse's tail)
* Located within the subarachnoid space (lumbar cistern) below the level of the conus medullaris
106
lateral extentions of the spinal pia mater, consisting of 21 pairs of toothpick like processes
Denticulate ligaments
107
filum of the dura of the coccygeal ligament
Filum terminale externum
108
CSF is formed by ___________ in the ventricles of the brain
Vascular choroid plexus
109
an area skin innervated by sensory fibers derived from a particular spinal nerve or segment of the spinal cord
Dermatome
110
Group of muscles innervated by motor fibers derived from a single spinal nerve segment
Myotome
111
The area of a bone innervated from a single spinal segment
Sclerotome
112
The embryonic mesoderm differentiates into \_\_\_\_\_\_
Paraxial mesoderm
Intermedia mesoderm
lateral mesoderm
113
The paraxial mesoderms divides into
SOmites
114
each somite differentiates into
Sclerotome (ventromedial part)
Dermatomyotome (dorsolateral part)
115
The caudal half of 1 sclerotome fuses with the cranial half of the next sclerotome to form a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
vertebral body
116
The notochord degenerates in the vertebral body, but it forms the ______ in the intervertebral disks
Nucleus pulposus
117
The _____ of the intervertebral disk is derived from the mesenchymal cells of the sclerotome situated between adjacent vertebral bodies
Annulus fibrosus
118
Develop from the junction of the neural tube and surface ectoderm
Give rise to dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia, and adrenal medulla
Neural Crest Cells
119
The dura mater arises from the ______ that surrounds the neural tube
Mesoderm
120
The pia and arachnoid mater arise from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
neural crest cells
121
Dorsal part of a myotome
Epimere
122
Ventrolateral part of a myotome
Hypomere
123
the epimere gives rise to ______ muscles that are innervated by dorsal primary rami of spinal nerve
Deep back (epiaxial)
124
The hypomere fives rise to ______ muscles that are innervated by ventral primary rami of spinal nerves
Body-wall (hypaxial)
125
Limb muscles that arise from the hypomere migrate into limb buds and are innervated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves
126
Superficial muscles of the back are muscles of the the upper limb that develop from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Limb bud mesoderm
