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acid base and electrolyte imbalance Flashcards

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1
Q

for cells to function optimally

A

metabolic processes must maintain a steady balance between acids and bases found in the body

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2
Q

acid-base represents

A

homeostasis of hydrogen (H+) ion concenter in body fluids

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3
Q

hydrogen shifts

A

between extracellular and intracellular compartments to compensate for acid-base imbalance

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4
Q

minor changes in hydrogen have

A

major effects on normal cellular function

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5
Q

ABG

A

the needle goes into the artery to check how well lungs works

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6
Q

arterial ph is an

A

indirect measurement of hydrogen ion concentration and is a result of respiratory and kidney compensation function

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7
Q

arterial blood is

A

most commonly used to evaluate acid base balance

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8
Q

the ph is the expression of the

A

balance between carbon dioxide (C02), which is regulated by the lungs, and bicarbonate (HC03) base regulayed by kidneys

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9
Q

compensation

A

refers to the process by which body attemps to correct changes and imbalances in ph levels

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10
Q

full compensation

A

occurs when ph level of blood returns to normal (7.35-7.45)

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11
Q

if ph level is not able to normalize

A

partial compensation

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12
Q

acid base imbalances are

A

result of insufficient compensation

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13
Q

respiratory and kidney function play a

A

a large role in the body’s ability to effectively compensate for acid-base alterations

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14
Q

organ dysfunction negatively

A

affects acid base compensation

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15
Q

less than 7.35

A

acidosis

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16
Q

greater than 7.45

A

identify as alkalosis

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17
Q

identify PaCO2 less than 35 or greater than 45

A

respiratory in orgin

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18
Q

identify HCO3 less than 22 or greater than 26 mEq/L

A

metabolic in orgin

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19
Q

evaluate the pa02 and Sa02 if results are less than the expected client is

A

hypoxic

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20
Q

uncompensated

A

ph is outside the expected reference range. and either HCO3 OR PACO2 IS outside the expected reference range

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21
Q

fully compensated

A

ph is within the expected reference range, but PaCo2 and HCO3 are both outside the expected range

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22
Q

ph is less than 7.40

A

acidosis

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23
Q

ph greater than 7.40

A

alkalosis

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24
Q

electrolytes

A

minerals in body that can conduct electricity

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25
where are electrolytes found
urine, blood, tissues, as well as other body fluids | - as well as food, drinks, and supplementd
26
specific electrolytes
potassium sodium calcium magnesium
27
electrolytes are responsible for
- balancing the amount of water in body - balancing the bodys ph - moving waste out of body cells - moving nutrients into body cells - allowing body muscles heart, nerves, and brain to function properly
28
average persons weight is
1/2 to 2/3 water | - crucial to maintaining the balance of water in body
29
dehydration
person is unable to drink enough fluids to compensate for excess water loss
30
thirst
results from nerve centers in brain being stimulated when body needs water
31
vasopressin
stimulated in order to conserve water from pituitary gland - stimulates kidneys to excrete less urine which helps to conserve water
32
what can lead to electrolyte imbalance
``` dehydration overhydration certain medications history of heart kidney liver disorder incorrect intravenous fluids or feedings ```
33
potassium levels
3.5- 5.1 meq/l
34
sodium
135-145 meq/l
35
calcium
8.5-10.5 mg/dl
36
magnesium
1.8-2.2
37
potassium role
helps with nerve and muscle cell function while playing an important role in muscle cells in heart
38
sodium role
- supports the function of nerves and mucles | - helps maintain a normal blood pressure
39
calcium role
- help the body maintain strong bones and is mostly stores in teeth and bones to support their hardness - also helps muscles move nerves to carry a message between the brain and body and blood vessels to move blood throughout the body
40
magnesium role
assist in the regulation of the nerve and muscle function, blood pressure and blood sugar levels as well as making bone, protein, and dna
41
electrolytes are
minerals that have an electric charge and present in all body fluids
42
clients at greatest risk for electrolyte imbalce are
``` infants children older adults clients have cognitive disorders clients who have a chronic illness ```
43
low k+ risk factors
meds: - corticosteroids - diruretcis - digitalis - abuse of laxatives body fluid loss - vomiting - diarrhea - wound drianage - ng suction excessive diaphoresis kidney disease dietary deficiency alkalosis
44
low k+ clinical maifestations
- muscle weakness, cramping - fatigue - nausea, vomiting - irritability, confusion - decreased bowel motility - dysrhthmias
45
nursing interventions for low k+
- monitor ecg - assess respiraotry status - initiate fall precautions - monitor i&o - anticipate monitoring lab values - give potassium replacement as ordered (oral or iv) - pt. education
46
risk factors and for high k+
renal failure | excessive potassium intake
47
CM for high k+
- ventricular dysrhythmias - muscle twitching and numbness - muscle weakness - increased bowel motility
48
nursing interventions high in k+
- monitor ecg - assess bowel sounds - question dialysis - dietary teaching
49
risk factors low sodium na+
gi loss water intoxication excessive diaphoresis
50
low sodium na+
``` weakness lethargy confusion seizures headahce muscle cramps, twitching hypotension tachycardia weight gain/edema ```
51
nursing interventions low na
sodium replacement (oral, gtube, iv) restrict oral fluid intake daily weight monitor strcit i&oa
52
risk factors for high na
``` water deficent gi loss hypertonic tube feedings diabetes insipidus burns heatstroke ```
53
clinical manifestations for high na
``` fever swollen, dry tongue dry mucous membranes hallucinations seizures tachycardia hypertension hyperreflexia, twitching ```
54
high na+ nursing interventions
- daily weights - monitor i&o - seizure precautions - ov infusion of hypotonic or isotonic fluid as order - diuretics - dietary sodium restrictions - increase oral fluid intake
55
low calcium risk factors
- hypoparathryoidism - hypomagnesium - kidney failure - vitamin d deficiency
56
low calcium disease process
celiac lactose intolerance chrons disease alcohol abuse
57
low calcium clinical manifestations
``` tenancy cramps paresthesia dysrhythmias seizures hyperreflexia impaired clotting time ```
58
low calcium nursing interventions
- seizure precautions - iv calcium replacemnt - daily calcium supplements as ordered - vitamin d therapy - monitor for orthostatic hypotension - dietary education
59
high calcium risk factors
- hyperparathryoidms - maligant disease - prolonged immoblization - vitamin d excess - lithium - digoxin toxicity - overuse of calcium supplements
60
high ca clinical manifestations
- muscle weakness/hyporeflexia - kidney stones/ flank pain - dysrthmias - lethargy coma - polyurina, polydipsia, dehydration - pathological fractures/ deep bone pain - hypertension - nausea/vomiting
61
hypercalcemia nursing interventions
- increase mobility - isotonic ivf as ordered - diaylysis - cardiac monitoring
62
hypomagnesium risk factors
``` gi loss alcoholism hypocalcemia hypokalemia dka malabsorption tpn laxative abuse acute mi ```
63
low mg nursing interventions
- seizure precautions - monitor swallowing - anticipate medications - strict i&o - assess respirator status - ecg monitoring
64
hypermangensium risk factors
``` renal failure excessive mag therapy adrenal insufficiency laxative overuse lithium toxicity extensive soft tissuse injury or necrosis ```
65
high mg clinical manifestations
``` hypotension drowsiness bradyvardia coma cardiac arrest hyporefelxia nausea vomiting facial flushing ```
66
high mg nursing interventions
``` mechanical ventilation iv fluids monitor respiratory status monitor ecg blood pressure assess deep tendon reflexes ```
67
high mg nursing interventions
monitor ecg blood pressure | asssess deep tendon relfexes

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