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Actinobacillus spp. Flashcards

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1
Q

Which species of Actinobacillus are of major veterinary importance?

A

A. lignieresii
A. pleuropneumoniae
A. equuli
A. suis
A. seminis

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2
Q

General characteristics of Actinobacillus spp.

A

gram neg
pleomorphic
facultative anaerobes
non-motile
oxidase pos, urease pos
BA and MAC lactose fermenting - some exceptions

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3
Q

Habitat of Actinobacillus spp.

A

host specific
mainly pathogens of farm animals
commensals on mucous membranes
cannot survive for a long time in the environment

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4
Q

What bacteria causes wooden tongue in cattle?

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii

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5
Q

What other species can wooden tongue occur in?

A

sheep, horses, pigs, dogs

note: rare in chickens

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6
Q

A. lignieresii is a ___ of the oral cavity and intestinal tract

A

commensal

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7
Q

How long can A. lignieresii survive for in the environment?

A

up to 5 days in hay and straw`

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8
Q

How does A. lignieresii enter the body to cause infection?

A

enters through erosions or lacerations in the mucosa or skin

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9
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of A. lignieresii

A

infect soft tissues and cause cellulitis
develop into abscesses with thick yellow-white pus
spread via lymphatics

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10
Q

Clinical signs of wooden tongue

A

firm, localized swellings (granulomas) - especially of the tongue
pain, difficulty eating, drooling, tongue protrusion

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11
Q

Diagnosis of wooden tongue

A

microscopy of pus or exudate: reveal granules, 10% KOH, crush granules - club shaped structures surround bacteria
confirm diagnosis: culture and biopsy of lesion

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12
Q

Differential diagnosis - wooden tongue caused by A. lignieresii

A

lumpy jaw caused by Actinomyces bovis
neoplasia

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13
Q

Treatment of wooden tongue

A

systemic antibiotics
sodium iodine (parenterally) - ruminants
potassium iodide (orally)

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14
Q

How to prevent wooden tongue

A

good quality feeds
avoid coarse feeds
proper pasture management
isolate animals with discharging lesions

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15
Q

What is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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16
Q

Is A. pleuropneumoniae host specific?

A

yes - for swine

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17
Q

Describe porcine pleuropneumonia

A

severe contagious respiratory disease seen worldwide
primarily in young pigs under 6 months old
sudden onset, short course, high morbidity and mortality

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18
Q

How many serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae are there?

A

15 serotypes
vary in virulence and significance

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19
Q

How is A. pleuropneumoniae transmitted?

A

close contact with nasal secretions
opportunistic
gain entry via broken skin
can be spread via fomites

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20
Q

A. pleuropneumoniae virulence factors

A

capsule
adehesins and fimbriae
iron acquisition factors
cytotoxins and proteases
4 RTX toxins

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21
Q

Disease conditions associated with acute porcine pleuropneumoniae

A

sudden deaths, high morbitity and mortality
fever
respiratory distress
pneumonia, pleurisy, lungs congested and hemorrhage
blood stained frosth from nostrils or oral cavity

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22
Q

Disease conditions associated with chronic procine pleuropneumonia

A

chronic cough due to lung lesions
retarded growth

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23
Q

Diagnosis of porcine pleuropneumonia

Study These Flashcards
A

serologic tests: complement fixation and ELISA
culture and isolation: requires factor V (NAD) for growth
PCR

24
Q

Does A. pleuropneumoniae grow on MAC?

Study These Flashcards
A

NO - requires factor V from lysed RBC to grow

25
What agar does A. pleuropneumoniae grow on?
blood agar pre streaked with S. aureus to provide factor V chocolate agar
26
Is CAMP testing used to identify A. pleuropneumoniae?
yes - CAMP test positive
27
Treatment of porcine pleuropneumoniae
antibiotic treatment is difficult need immediate parenteral antibiotic tx: ceftiofut, tilmicosin, tetracyclines, synthetic penicillins, tylosin, sulfonamides followed by oral antibiotic treatment
28
Prevention of porcine pleuropneumoniae
good husbandry improved ventilation proper stocking density polyvalent bacterins subunit vaccines containing toxoids and capsular antigen
29
What diseases are caused by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli
sleepy foal disease (septicemia) joint ill in horses (purulent arthritis) septicemia in pigs
30
What diseases are caused by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. haemolyticus
metritis, abortion, pneumonia, meningitis (in horses)
31
Describe sleepy foal disease
acute, potentially fatal septicemia in newborn foals found in the reproductive and intestinal tracts of mares - infecting foals in utero or after birth
32
Predisposing factors of sleepy foal disease
failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies poor sanitation, co-infections
33
Pathogenesis of A. equuli
exotoxins lyse erythrocytes and lymphocytes death in 1-2 days
34
Is it possible for foals to survive and recover from A. equuli infections?
yes - develop microabscesses, polyarthritis, nephritis, enteritis, pneumonia
35
What is observed postmortem on foals that died from sleepy foal disease?
petechiation on serosal surfaces enteritis
36
Viruelnce factors of A. equuli subsp. haemolyticus
RTX toxin
37
Diagnosis of A. equuli
culture and isolation sticky colonies on BA lactose fermenting colonies on MAC live foals: collect blood dead foals: fresh biopsies or charcoal swabs from kindeys and lungs adult horses: primary target organ of disease syndrome PCR
38
Treament of A. equuli
gentamicin, chloramphenicol, 3rd gen cephalosporins supportive care: blood tranfusions and bottle feeding w colostrum
39
Prevention and control of A. equuli
sanitation and hygeine during foaling apply antiseptic to umbilicus remove expelled placenta and soiled bedding soon after foaling NO vaccines
40
What animals does Actinobacillus suis typically effect?
mainly piglets less than 3 months of age can infect pigs of all ages
41
What disease is caused by A. suis
pleuropneumonia
42
How is disease caused by A. suis characterized?
septicemia enteritis meningitis metritis abortion rapid death
43
Clinical signs of A. suis in piglets
fever, respiratory distress, prostration and paddling of the forelimbs petechial and ecchymotic hemorrages in many organs interstitial pneumonia, pleuritis, arthritis, meningioencephalitis, myocarditis mortality rate may be up to 50%
44
Clinical signs of A. suis in older pigs
like those in poglets lethargy, depression, anorexia abortion myocarditis skin lesions
45
Differential diagnosis A. suis in older pigs
rule out S. suis, erysipelas, salmonella
46
Diagnosis of A. suis
postmortem specimen cultured on BA and MAC for 24-72 hours BA : sticky, hemolytic colonies MAC : pink, lactose fermenting colonies biochemical testine definitive diagnosis: 16s rRNA sequencing
47
Treatment of A. suis
susceptibility testing: ampicillin, carbenicillin, potentiated sulphonamides and tetracyclines
48
Control and prevention of A. suis
disinfection NO vaccines
49
Actinobacillus seminis causes what disease?
epididymitis in young rams
50
Where is A. seminis endemic
New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, USA, UK
51
Is A. seminis part of the normal flora?
yes - found in the prepuce ewe may be an intermediate carrier
52
Disease conditions associated with A. seminis
spermatic granulomas abscesses form in epididymidis purulent discharge on the scrotal skin
53
At what age are rams most affected by A. seminis infections?
rams 4-8 months of age
54
Diagnosis of A. seminis
pus, biopsy material culture on BA and MAC for 24-72 hours BA : small, pin-point, non-hemolytic colonies NO growth on MAC catalase pos unreactive on many biochemical tests PCR CFT ELISA
55
Treatment and control of A. seminis
NO vaccine recovered rams show reeduced fertilitiy prophylactic antibiotics

Bacteriology (26 decks)

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