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Bacteriology > Bacillus > Flashcards

Bacillus Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Anthrax can and has been used as a bioweapon

A

TRUE

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2
Q

What is the habitat of Bacillus spp?

A

saprophytes - dead or decaying organic matter, endospores allow for environmental persistence

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3
Q

What are the favorable soil conditions for Bacillus spp?

A

high moisture content, alkaline, rich in calcium and nitrogen

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4
Q

What species of Bacillus are important in veterinary medicine?

A

B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. licheniformis

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5
Q

What are some general characteristics of Bacillus spp?

A

gram-positive motile endospore-producing rods, aerobes or facultative anaerobes, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, grow on non-enriched media,non-pathogenic

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6
Q

How do outbreaks of B. anthracis in herbivores occur?

A

pasture contamination by spores from buried animals, spores brought to surface by floor, excavation, subsidence

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7
Q

How do sporadic outbreaks of B. anthracis occur?

A

importation of contaminated meat- and bone-meal, fertilizers of animal origin, hides. raw/poorly-cooked contaminated meat fed to animals/people

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8
Q

How is B. anthracis transmitted?

A

mainly ingestion, inhalation, skin abrasions

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9
Q

What is the species susceptibility of B. anthracis?

A

ruminants > > > > horses > pigs > carnivores > birds (resistant)

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10
Q

What are the virulence factors of B. anthracis regulated by?

A

host temperature and CO2 concentration

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11
Q

What are the two major virulence factors of B. anthracis?

A

complex toxin, poly-y-D glutamic acid capsule

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12
Q

What is complex toxin encoded by?

A

pX01

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13
Q

What is poly-y-D glutamic acid capsule encoded by?

A

pX02

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14
Q

What are the three antigenic components of complex toxins?

A

protective antigen (host cell-binding portion for EF and LF), edema factor (an adenylyl cyclase enzyme), lethal factor (a zinc metalloprotease)

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15
Q

What are the effects of edema toxin?

A

increases cAMP, disturbs water homeostasis, accumulates fluid, targets neutrophils

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16
Q

What are the effects of lethal toxin?

A

causes death in macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and epithelial cells

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17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of B. anthracis?

A

cutaneous, intestinal, or pulmonary entry of spores -> regional lymph node -> regional hemorrhagic lymphadenitis -> septicemia or pulmonary lymphatic blockage -> meningitis or pulmonary edema -> death

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18
Q

What is the incubation period of B. anthracis?

A

3-7 days but ranges from 1-14 days

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of B. anthracis in cattle and sheep?

A

death in animals with no premonitory signs, septicemia and rapidly fatal, pyrexia (fever), depression, congestion of mucosae

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20
Q

What are some post-mortem findings of cattle and sheep affected by B. anthracis?

A

rapid bloating, incomplete rigor mortis, ecchymotic hemorrhages, edema, dark, unclotted blood, blood-stained fluid in body cavities, enlarged soft spleen

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21
Q

T/F: necropsy of animals with anthrax is usually advised

A

FALSE

22
Q

What are the major clinical signs of B. anthracis in pigs?

A

sudden death after ingestion, regional lymphadenitis (edematous swelling of throat/head ), intestinal dysentery (less common)

23
Q

What are the major clinical signs of B. anthracis in carnivores?

A

resembles that of pigs

24
Q

What are the major clinical signs of B. anthracis in herbivores?

A

resembles that of cattle

25
Q

What are the major clinical signs of B. anthracis in horses?

A

extensive subcutaneous lesions, localized edema, septicemia with colic and dysentery

26
Q

What does the cutaneous form of anthrax present as in humans?

A

localized lesions, itchy, red, dark blisters

27
Q

What does the pulmonary/inhalation form of anthrax (woolsorters’ disease) present as in humans?

A

fever, pain, malaise, death in 1-7 days

28
Q

What does the intestinal form of anthrax present as in humans?

A

death from contaminated meat

29
Q

How do you diagnose anthrax?

A

blood sample (tail vein of ruminants or peritoneal fluid), MacFadyean reaction with polychrome methylene blue stain Loeffler’s stain, culture, PCR, fluorescent antibody technique, western blot and ELISA

30
Q

What are the major microscopic characteristics of B. anthracis?

A

edge of colony has medusa hair appearance, spores stain with malachite green

31
Q

What are some cultural characteristics of B. anthracis on nutrient agar?

A

irregularly round, raised, dull, and opaque colonies, frosted glass appearance

32
Q

What are the major cultural characteristics of B. anthracis on blood agar with penicillin?

A

non-hemolytic

33
Q

What test is utilized to diagnose B. anthracis in tissues?

A

ascoli’s test

34
Q

T/F: B. anthracis grows on MAC agar

A

FALSE

35
Q

How do you conduct an ascoli’s test?

A

2-3g of homogenized tissue in saline is boiled and filtered, filtrate used as an antigen in ring precipitation or gel diffusion test with specific antiserum

36
Q

What are some general characteristics of B. anthracis spores?

A

require poor nutrient conditions and oxygen, very resistant to extremes and can survive for ~50 years, resistant to disinfectants and desiccation, lethal dose starting at 2,500 spores

37
Q

How do you treat anthrax?

A

high doses of pencillin G or oxytetracycline

38
Q

How do you control anthrax in endemic regions?

A

immediately report to authorities, annual vaccinations in cattle and sheep, killed vaccines in humans, chemoprophylaxis with long-acting penicillin

39
Q

How do you control anthrax in non-endemic regions following an outbreak?

A

stop movement of animals, their waste, and bedding, wear PPE, sporicidal footbaths on farms, sanitization of contaminated buildings, incinerate carcasses, waste, and bedding, prevention of scavenger animals, isolation and observation of exposed animals

40
Q

Where is B. cereus found?

A

soil, grains, vegetables, raw and processed foods

41
Q

What is usually associated with B. cereus in animals?

A

embryonic death, abortion, and abnormal fetal development

42
Q

What is usually associated with B. cereus in humans?

A

eye infections, foodborne intoxications, emetic syndrome, diarrheal syndrome

43
Q

Where is B. licheniformis found?

A

environment, slurry, silage, and water troughs

44
Q

What does B. licheniformis cause in cattle and sheep?

A

sporadic abortions

45
Q

Where is B. licheniformis most commonly found?

A

housed, pit-silage-fed, spring calving beef cows last 2 months of pregnancy

46
Q

T/F: Bacillus spp are large gram-positive rods

A

TRUE

47
Q

T/F: B. anthracis is non-hemolytic in blood agar

A

TRUE

48
Q

T/F: The genes of exotoxin production in B. anthraxis are present on bacterial chromosome

A

FALSE

49
Q

T/F: veterinarians must always perform post-mortems on animals suspected to have died from anthrax

A

FALSE

50
Q

T/F: B. anthracis does not produce capsules

A

FALSE

51
Q

T/F: the protective antigen (PA) acts as a binding site for edema factor and lethal factor

A

TRUE

52
Q

T/F: edema toxins target neutrophils

A

TRUE

Bacteriology (26 decks)

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