Pseduomonas + Burkholderia spp.

Question 1

What species of Psedudomonas is of major veterinary importance?

Answer 1

Pseduomonas aeruginosa

Question 2

Where is Pseduomonas aeruginosa found?

Answer 2

worldwide - in the environment, on skin, mucous membrane and feces

Question 3

T/F Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes opportunistic infections

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

General Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Answer 4

gram-neg rod
strict aerobe
oxidase pos
catalase pos
one or more polar flagella - motile
grape-like odor
produces pigments

Question 5

What is the significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa being oxidase positive?

Answer 5

this allows us to differentiate pseudomonas from enterobacteriaceasae (which are oxidase neg)

Question 6

What pigments are produced by P. aeruginosa?

Answer 6

pyocyanin - blue green (most common)
pyoverdin - green yellow
pyorubin - red
pyomelanin - brown black

Question 7

Predisposing factors assocated with P. aeruginosa

Answer 7

immunosuppression
burn wounds
excessive antibiotic use
contaminated surgical instruments
coontaminated intramammary infusion (cow)
excessive fleece wetting (sheep)
ear mites/otitis externa (dogs)
dental disease (rabbits)

Question 8

Virulence Factors of P. aeruginosa

Answer 8

pili
flagella
LPS
biofilm production
exotoxin A
proteases
type III secretion system
exoenzymes
rhamnolipid
phospholipiase C
sideorphores

Question 9

What aids in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa?

Answer 9

opportunistic
adherence and colonization (pili, fimbriase, biofilm, flagella)
resistance to complement mediated killing (pigments/siderophores)
virulence factors work to cause damage to tissue - disease

Question 10

What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in cows?

Answer 10

mastitis
metritis
pneumonia
dermatits
enteritis (calves)

Question 11

What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in sheep?

Answer 11

mastitis
fleece-rot
pneumonia
otitis media

Question 12

What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in pigs?

Answer 12

respiratory infections
otitis

Question 13

What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in horses?

Answer 13

genital tract infections
pneumonia
ulcerative keratitis

Question 14

What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in dogs and cats?

Answer 14

otitis externa
cystitis
oneumonia
ulcerative keratitis

Question 15

What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in minks?

Answer 15

hemorrhagic pneumonia
septicemia

Question 16

What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in captive reptiles?

Answer 16

necrotic stomatitis

Question 17

What is fleece-rot in sheep?

Answer 17

exudative dermatitis and wool damage
predisposes to fly strike

Question 18

What causes fleece-rot in sheep?

Answer 18

P. aeruginosa

Question 19

What specimens are used in the lab to diagnose P. aeruginosa?

Answer 19

pus
respiratory asapirates
mid-stream urine
mastitic milk
ear swabs

Question 20

How does P. aeruginosa appear on culture?

Answer 20

growth on BA and MAC after 24-48 hours
fruity, grape-like odor
pyocyanin production
non-lactose fermenter: pale colonies on MAC
oxidase pos

Question 21

How to diagnose P. aeruginosa?

Answer 21

history, culture, biochemical testing, PCR

Question 22

How to treat P. aeruginosa

Answer 22

susceptibility testing due to innate resistance to many antibiotics

anti-pseduomonal penicillins
aminoglycosides
fluorquinolones

Question 23

How to control/prevent P. aeruginosa?

Answer 23

vaccines for mink chinchillas
prevent predisposing factors

Question 24

General Characteristics of Burkholderia spp.

Answer 24

gram-neg rods
obligate aerobes
oxidase pos
catalase pos

Question 25

Where can we find Burkholderia mallei?

Answer 25

environment but doesn't survice for more than 2 weeks reservoir: infected equidae

Question 26

Where can we find Burkholderia pseudomallei?

Answer 26

found in the soil reservoir: wild rodents

Question 27

What is the difference B. mallei and B. pseudomallei?

Answer 27

B. mallei is biochemically unreactive and non-motile, B. pseudomallei is biochemically activate and motile

Question 28

What is the causative agent of Glanders in horses?

Answer 28

Burkholderia mallei

Question 29

What species are susceptible to Burkholderia mallei?

Answer 29

mostly equine carnivores zoonotic

Question 30

How is Glanders disease transmitted?

Answer 30

ingestion less commonly via inhalation and skin abrasions

Question 31

What areas of the world is Burkholderia mallei endemic to?

Answer 31

endemic foci in parts of China, Mongolia, pockets of India, Iraq, Turkey and the Philippines

Question 32

Describe the clinical manifestations of Burkholderia mallei

Answer 32

nodules and ulcers in the respiratory tract a/o skin acute septicemia chronic disease: nasal form, pulmonary/respiratory form, cutaneous form (farcy)

Question 33

What are the clinical signs seen with the acute septicemic form of Burkholderia mallei?

Answer 33

fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge and respiratory signs - death usually occurs within a few weeks

Question 34

Describe the clinical signs seen with the nasal form of Burkholderia mallei

Answer 34

ulcerative nodules purulent, blood-stained nasal discharge regional lymphadenopathy ulcers leaving star-shaped scars

Question 35

Describe the clincal signs seen with the pulmonary form of Burkholderia mallei

Answer 35

respiratory distress tubercle-like lesions throughout the lungs

Question 36

Describe the clinical signs seen in horses suffering from Farcy

Answer 36

lymphangitis along the limbs ulcers with yellow pus

Question 37

What are the virulence factors of Burkholderia mallei

Answer 37

capsule type II and type IV secretory systems quorum sensing intracellular survival cause hypersensitivity reactions adhesions fimbriae

Question 38

How to diagnose Burkholderia mallei

Answer 38

sample: discharge from lesions must be processed in a biohazard cabinet MAC non-lactose fermenter incubate for 2-3 days supplement media w glycerol PCR CFT ELISA mallein intradermo-palpebral test

Question 39

Describe the mallein intradermo-palpebral test

Answer 39

mallein: glycoprotein extract from B. mallei inject intradermally below lower eyelid pos reaction = local swelling and mucoplurulent ocular discharge after 24 hours

Question 40

How to control Burkholderia mallei

Answer 40

test and slaughter policy cleaning and disinfection of contaminated areas

Question 41

What disease is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei?

Answer 41

melioidosis

Question 42

Where is melioidosis commonly found?

Answer 42

endemic in tropical and sub-tropical regions of south-eastern Asia and Australia

Question 43

What are the common habitats of Burkholderia pseudomallei?

Answer 43

soil and water

Question 44

How is melioidosis transmitted?

Answer 44

ingestion, inhalation, skin contamination opportunistic infects many species (zoonotic)

Question 45

What are the virulence factors of B. pseudomallei?

Answer 45

capsule types III and IV secretion systems exotoxins dermonecrotic proteases lecithinase

Question 46

Clinical signs associated with melioidosis

Answer 46

abscesses in: lungs liver spleen joints central nervous system

Question 47

Diagnosis of B. pseudomallei

Answer 47

culture of pus from abscesses processed in a biohazard cabinet BA and MAC - lactose fermenter incubate for 2-3 days musty odor motile and biochemically activate PCR CFT ELISA

Question 48

Control of B. pseudomallei

Answer 48

test and slaughter policy treatment is expensive and unreliable no vaccines