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Obligate Intracellular Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

General characteristics of rickettsiales group

A

small, aerobic
obligate intracellular
gram neg

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2
Q

How do rickettsiales survive inside host cells?

A

infect immune cells
avoid destruction by lysosomes

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3
Q

How are rickettsiales bacteria transmitted?

A

vectors: ticks, fleas, flukes

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4
Q

Virulence and pathogenicity of rickettsiales

A

endotoxins
form immune complexes and trigger hypersensitivity reactions

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5
Q

E. canis host

A

dog, human, cat, primates

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6
Q

E. ewingii host

A

dog, human, white-tailed deer

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7
Q

E. ruminatium host

A

ruminants

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8
Q

E. canis host cell

A

monocytes, macriohages, lymphocytes

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9
Q

E. ewingii host cell

A

neutrophils

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10
Q

E. ruminantium host cell

A

vascular endothelial cells, neutrophils

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11
Q

E. canis reservoir host

A

mutiple
wild canids and primates

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12
Q

E. ewingii reservoir host

A

white-tailed deer

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13
Q

E. ruminantium reservoir host

A

wild and domest ruminants

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14
Q

Disease caused by E. canis

A

Canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis

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15
Q

Disease caused by e. ruminantium

A

heartwater

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16
Q

Disease caused by E. ewingii

A

Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis

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17
Q

Distribution of E. canis

A

World wide

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18
Q

Clinical forms of E. canis

A

acute
subclinical
chronic
can be seen in cats too

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19
Q

Clinical signs of acute E. canis

A

fever
anorexia
lymphadenopathy
bleeding
thrombocytopenia

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20
Q

Describe subclinical E. canis

A

PCR neg but bacteria are still present in low/undetectable levels

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21
Q

Clinical signs of chronic E. canis

A

severe thrombocytopenia
anemia
leucopenia
bone marrow hypoplasia

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22
Q

Diagnosis of E. canis

A

history of tick bite
clinical signs
epistaxis
thrombocytopenia
IFA
ELISA
PCR
culture and isolation
snap tests
blood stains

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23
Q

Treatment of E. canis

A

doxycycline for 4 weeks
transfusion

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24
Q

Prevention of E. canis

A

tick control

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25
Clinical signs of E. ewingii
mild fever arthitis muscular stiffness
26
Diagnosis of E. ewingii
PCR snap test
27
Treatment of E. ewingii
doxycycline
28
Prevention and control of E. ewingii
tick control NO VACCINE
29
Causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever
rickettsia rickettsii
30
Where is rocky mountain spotted fever endemic?
USA, south america and mexico
31
How is rickettsia rickettsii transmitted?
ticks
32
Is rickettsia rickettsii zoonotic?
yes - infects dogs and humans
33
What is the target cell of R. rickettsii?
vascular endothelial cells
34
Reservoir for R. rickettsii
rodents and ticks
35
Where does R. rickettsii localize within the tick?
midgut, small intestine and ovaries
36
Where does R. rickettsii localize in mammals?
endothelial cells
37
What are the two forms of rocky mountain spotted fever in dogs?
subclinical and acute
38
Clinical signs of acute rocky mountain spotted fever in dogs?
loss of appetite fever depression edema neurological signs anemia rash on the ear petechiae on oral mucosa testicular inflammation
39
Diagnosis of rocky mountain spotted fever
history, PE, clinical signs IFA, IHC PCR culture - not routinely performed
40
Treatment and control of rocky mountain spotted fever
doxycycline given within 5 days of onset tick prevention NO vaccine
41
Causative agent of Q Fever
Coxiella burnetii
42
Hosts/reservoirs of Q fever
ruminants zoonotic
43
Can coxiella burnetii be excreted from the host?
yes - excreted in milk, urine and feces
44
Clinical signs of Q fever
mostly subclinical abortion sever placentitis malaise anorexia
45
Treatment and control of Q fever
tetracyclines supportive care quarentine proper management/sanitation vaccination
46
What makes coxiella burentii a potential bioterrorism agent?
contains spore-like forms that are resistant to heat, drying and common disinfectants
47
Diagnosis of Q fever
stain with Wright-Giemsa or modified Ziehl-Neelson serology PCR culture
48
Appearance of coxiella burnetii with modified Ziehl-Neelson stain
red/pink
49
How is neorickettsia transmitted?
WORMS not ticks aka trematodes/flukes
50
General characteristics of neorickettsia
gram neg obligate intracellular pleomorphic
51
Distribution of neorickettsia
the Americas, Europe and Australia
52
Disease caused by N. helminthoeca
Salmon-poisoning disease
53
Disease caused N. risticii
Potomac horse fever
54
What animals are affected by salmon poisoning disease
dogs, coyote, fox, bears
55
What cells are targeted by N. helminthoeca
monocytes, macrophages, intestinal epithelium
56
Hosts and intermediate hosts of N. helminthoeca
intermediate host 1: snail intermediate host 2: fish definitive host: canids
57
Clinical signs of N. helminthoeca
fever ocular discharge vomiting weight loss bloody diarrhea lymphadenopathy death in 6-10 days if left undreated
58
Diagnosis of slamon-poisoning disease
history, PE, clinical signs trematode eggs in feces IFA PCR culture (takes a long time)
59
Treatment of salmon-poisoning disease
hospitalization fluids, blood transfusion doxycycline - to treat the bacteria fenbendazole - to treat the worms
60
Prevention of salmon-poisoning disease
no vaccine prophylactic doxycycline no raw/undercooked/smoked fish
61
Target cell of N. risticii
monocyes, macrophages, intestinal epithelium
62
Hosts and intermediate hosts of N. risticii
intermediate host 1: snails intermediate host 2: insects equine and bats = definitive host
63
What is a differential for N. risticii (potomac horse fever)?
salmonella
64
Clinical signs of potomac horse fever
fever anorexia depression diarrhea leucopenia colic increased digital pulses laminitis abortion death
65
Diagnosis of potomac horse fever
clinical signs, history, PE response to tetracyclines IFA PCR culture
66
Treatment of potomac horse fever
tetracyclines fluids, anti-inflammatorues,polymyxin B, supportive shoeing
67
Prevention of potomac horse fever
vaccine - but vaccinated horses can still get PHF detract insects
68
General characteristics of Wolbachia spp
gram neg pleomorphic high strain variation infects arthopods and filarial nematodes - obligate intrtacellular
69
What bacterial pathogen is associated with heartworm disease?
Wolbachia (pipientis) symobiotic relationship with heartworms
70
How does Wolbachia cause infection in dogs infected with heartworm?
when adult worms or larvae die - wolbachia proteins are released causing inflammation and antibody-antigen complexes
71
Treatment for Wolbachia (associated with heartworm)
doxycycline - treats both bacteria and worms
72
Prevention of Wolbachia
heartworm prevention
73
What disease is caused by E. ruminantium?
Heartwater disease
74
Where is E. ruminantium endemic to?
Africa and the Caribbean
75
What is the target cell of E. ruminantium?
endothelial cells and neutrophils
76
Target host of E. ruminantium
ruminants and wild animals
77
Reservoir of E. ruminantium
tick
78
Clinical signs of Heartwater disease
edema of heart and lungs hydropericardium, hydrothorax peracute: convulsions, sudden death acute: fever, anorexia, respiratory signs, dyspnea, chewing, twitching, tremors, circling, aggressive behavior, lateral recumbency, paddling, frothing at mouth- death within 1 week subacute: prolonged fever, mild CNS signs, mild ataxia - animal either recovers or dies in 1-2 weeks
79
Diagnosis of Heartwater Disease
necropsy, staining of brain tissue ELISA IFA PCR
80
Treatment of Heartwater disease
tetracyclines
81
Prevention and control of heartwater disease
vaccination in endemic areas tick control
82
General characteristics of anaplasma spp
gram neg pleomorphic form morulae multiple species and high strain variation
83
Vector for anaplasma spp
ticks
84
Reservoir for A. phagocytophilum
white-footed mouse, small mammals, deer
85
Reservoir for A. platys
ticks, wild canids
86
Reservoir for A. marginale
carrier animals in the herd wild mammals
87
Target cell for A. phagocytophilum
neutrophils
88
Target cell for A. platys
platelets
89
Target cell for A. marginale
erythrocytes
90
Where is A. phagocytophilum endemic?
America, Europe, Asia
91
Where is A. platys endemic?
Americas, Caribbean, Europe, Asia, Australia
92
Where is A. marginale endemic?
tropical and subtropical regions
93
What disease is caused by A. phagocytiphilum?
granulocytic anaplasmoses
94
Host for A. phagocytoplilum
horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, goats, deet, rabbits, rats, snakes, humans very wide host range
95
Clinical signs of A. phagocytophilum in horses
fever, depression, limb edema, ataxia, jaundice, petechial hemorrhages, leukopenia recovery in 2-3 weeks
96
Clinical signs of A. phagocytophilum in dogs
can be sub-clinical/chronic in older dogs: occasional polyarthritis, morulae in neutrophils fever anorexia lethargy immune suppression mild thrombovytopenia
97
Treatment of A. phagocytophilum
tetracyclines
98
Diagnosis of A. phagocytophilum
PCR culture (human cell line) IFA ELISA SNAP test - dogs
99
What are some concers when serologically testing for anaplasma spp?
may cross-react with other species of anaplasma
100
Prevention of A. phagocytophilum
tick prevention no vaccine
101
What disease is caused by A. platys?
Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia
102
Clinical signs of A. platys
typically asymptomatic fever depression anorexia cyclic thrombocytopenia (10-14 day cycles)
103
Diagnosis of A. platys
PCR blood smears serology cannot culture
104
Concerns when using blood smears to diagnose A. platys
may be false neagtives due to cyclic nature of the disease
105
Treatment of A. platys
doxycycline supportive care
106
Prevention of A. platys
tick prevention NO vaccine
107
What disease is caused by A. marginale?
Bovine anaplasmosis aka Gall sickness
108
What other mode of transmission can a ruminant contract A. platys from besides tick vectors?
iatrogenic infection and maybe even lice
109
Clinical signs of A. platys
fever weakness depression dyspnea jaundice brown urine - not hemoglobinuria macrocytic anemia post mortem: splenomegaly
110
Does age affect susceptibility to A. platys?
yes calves are more resistant cattle over 2 years old can develop a fatal disease cattle that recover = carriers
111
Diagnosis of A. platys
blood smears post mortem smears of lung, liver, kindey and spleen card agglutination ELISA complement fixation PCR blood inoculation into splenectomized calf culure is not usually done
112
Treatment of A. platys
tetracyclines and imidocarb blood transfusion
113
Prevention of A. platys
tick control vaccine in endemic regions - not in USA

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