Spirochetes

Question 1

Are spirochetes zoonotic?

Answer 1

yes - many can cause zoonotic infections

Question 2

Are spirochetes intracellular or extracellular pathogens?

Answer 2

extracellular

Question 3

Describe the general shape of spirochetes

Answer 3

spiral with endoflagella (motile)
gram negative

Question 4

Oxygen requirements of leptospira

Answer 4

aerobic

Question 5

How many periplasmic flagella do leptospira have?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

How many periplasmic flagella do brachyspira have?

Answer 6

6-10

Question 7

Oxygen requirements for brachyspira

Answer 7

microaerophilic/anaerobic

Question 8

How many periplsamic flagella do borrelia have?

Answer 8

15-20

Question 9

Oxygen requirements of borrelia

Answer 9

microaerophilic

Question 10

What type of staining is reccomended for leptospira?

Answer 10

does not stain well with gram stain
use Warthin Starry or Giemsa
view under darkfield

Question 11

How are leptospira classified?

Answer 11

based on species name and serovar

Question 12

How is leptospira transmitted?

Answer 12

shed in urine, uterine discharges/placental fluids
enter through broken skin and mucous membranes

Question 13

Virulence factors of leptospira

Answer 13

flagella
hemolysins
adhesins
LPS

Question 14

Clinical sings of leptospira in dogs

Answer 14

biphasic
leptospiremic phase
leptospiruric phase
acute hemorrhagic disease
uraemic type - kidney damage
ulcerative stomatitis

Question 15

Clinical presentation of leptospira in cattle

Answer 15

abortion “storms”
infertility
sporatic abortions
milk drop syndrome
hemoglobinuria
jaundice
pyrexia

Question 16

Clinical presentation of leptospira in pigs

Answer 16

infertility
aabortions
stillbirths

Question 17

Clinical presentation of leptospira in horses

Answer 17

recurrent iridocyclitis
acute renal failure
abortions

Question 18

Indirect method of diagnosing leptospira

Answer 18

microscopic agglutination test - gold standard
4-fold increase in antibody titer between acute and convalescent serum samples
ELISA

Question 19

Direct methods of diagnosing leptospira

Answer 19

PCR
culture - heparinized blood, urine, CSF, kidneys

Question 20

Culture requirements for leptospira

Answer 20

grow at 30C
require Tween 80, bovine serum albumin, B1 and B12, and 5-fluorouracil

Question 21

What type of culture medium is used for leptospira?

Answer 21

EMJH
fletcher medium
korthoff
vervoort
noguchi
schuffer

Question 22

How long does leptospira take to grow in culture?

Answer 22

3 months

Question 23

Treatment of leptospira in dogs

Answer 23

penicillin G
doxycycline

Question 24

Treatment of leptospira in horses

Answer 24

penicillin
tetracyclines
aminoglycosides

Question 25

Treatment of leptospira in livestock

Answer 25

tetraycline oxytetracycline erythromycin tiamulin tylosin centiofur - reduce shedding

Question 26

Which species are there leptospira vaccines available for?

Answer 26

dogs cattle pigs livestock in New Zealand

Question 27

Prevention and control of leptospira

Answer 27

do not allow pets to drink water from stagnant drains/streams or have contact with reservoirs of infection

Question 28

Describe the general appearance of Borrelia

Answer 28

longer and wider than other species helical shape linear chromsome linear and circular plasmids

Question 29

How is Borrelia transmitted?

Answer 29

via arthropod vectors

Question 30

Is borrelia intracellular or extracellular pathogen?

Answer 30

obligate parasite

Question 31

What is the causative agent of Lyme disease?

Answer 31

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 32

What is the causative agent of avian spirochaetosis?

Answer 32

Borrelia anserina

Question 33

What is the causative agent of tick spirochaetosis?

Answer 33

Borrelia theileri

Question 34

Where is Lyme disease endemic?

Answer 34

North America, Europe, Asia

Question 35

Virulence factors of Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 35

Osp A adhere to gut osp C resist compliment mediated killing by binding a complement-inactivating component of saliva

Question 36

Clinical signs of Lyme Disease in dogs

Answer 36

inappetence fever polyarthritis shifting lameness kidney damage herat disorders neurological signs

Question 37

Clinical signs of Lyme Disease in cats

Answer 37

asymptomatic inappetence fever lameness, stiffness and swelling of joints difficulty breathing blindness

Question 38

Clinical signs of Lyme Disease in cattle

Answer 38

clinically silent fever, laminitis, a/o weight loss lameness skin rash on udder arthritis

Question 39

Clincal signs of lyme disease in horses

Answer 39

mild fever lameness/stiff joints laminitis depression loss of appetite blindess/partial loss of vision abortion neurological signs encephalitis

Question 40

Diagnosis of Lyme Disease

Answer 40

IFA ELISA giemsa stain, FA, darkfield PCR

Question 41

Treatment of Lyme Disease

Answer 41

4 weeks doxycycline/tetracycline

Question 42

Prevention and control of Lyme Disease

Answer 42

tick control vaccination

Question 43

Transmission of borrelia anserina

Answer 43

fowl tick

Question 44

Distribution of borrelia anserina

Answer 44

tropical and subtropical sporadic outbreaks

Question 45

Affected species of borrelia anserina

Answer 45

chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese

Question 46

Clinical signs of borrelia anserina

Answer 46

fever depression cyanosis greenish diarrhea later stages: paralysis and anemia

Question 47

Diagnosis of Borrelia anserina

Answer 47

demonstration of the organism in the buffu coat using darkfield microscopt or immunofluorescence giemsa or silver stains isolation in embryonated eggs PCR

Question 48

Treatment and control of Borrelia anserina

Answer 48

antibiotics isolation tick removal and control vaccination

Question 49

Brachyspira general characteristics

Answer 49

anaerobic inestinal bacteria in pigs - can survive in moist feces for about 2 months

Question 50

How is brachyspira hyodysenteriae transmitted?

Answer 50

fecal-oral route

Question 51

Vectors of brachysoira hyodysenteriae

Answer 51

dogs rats mice flies

Question 52

Causative agent of swine dysentery

Answer 52

B. hyodysenteriae

Question 53

Causative agent of porcine intestinal spirochaetosis

Answer 53

B. pilosicoli

Question 54

Causative agent of porcine spirochaetal colitis

Answer 54

B. intermedia

Question 55

Clinical signs of B. hyodysenteriae

Answer 55

weaned pigs 6-12 weeks old decreased appetite/increased thirst emaciation/loss of condition profuse muco-hemorrhagic diarrhea

Question 56

Virulence factors of B. hyodysenteriae

Answer 56

motility chemotactic LPS hemolysins NADH oxidase

Question 57

Pathogenesis of B. hyodysenteriae

Answer 57

colonic goblet cell invasion hemolysins and cytotoxins dehydration and acidiosis

Question 58

Diagnosis of B. hyodysenteriae

Answer 58

darkfield microscopy of abnormal mucosa or fecal swabs culture PCR immunofluorescence ELISA

Question 59

Culture of B. hyodysenteriae

Answer 59

blood agar with antibiotics incubated at 42C anerobically complete hemolysis around colonies

Question 60

Treatment and control of B. hyodysenteriae

Answer 60

improve sanitation and hygiene medicate drinking water with tiamulin, linocmycin and nitroimidazoles alter diet depopulation rodent control vaccination

Question 61

Disease caused by trponema spp

Answer 61

bovine digital dermatitis contagious digital dermatitis rabbit syphilis/vent disease