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Adrenal Gland Flashcards

(41 cards)

1
Q

Where does the left and right adrenal vein drain into?

A

Left= renal vein Right- into inferior vena cava

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2
Q

Compare the amount of arteries and vein that’s supplies or drains the adrenal gland

A

Has lots of arteries BUT only ONE vein

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3
Q

Describe the micro anatomy of the adrenal gland and what molecules they secrete

A

Medulla- catecholamines Cortex- corticosteroids

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4
Q

Describe the layers of the adrenal cortex and the hormones they make and secrete?

A

Outer- Zona glomerulosa; Aldosterone

Middle- Zona fasiculata: cortisol

Inner- Zona reticularis: sex hormones- androgens and oestrogen

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5
Q

What is the importance of the Zona reticularis in animals? Compare with humans

A

Very important in producing sex hormones for animals, not so much humans as we have sex organs for that.

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6
Q

What layer encapsulates the whole adrenal gland

A

Capsule

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7
Q

Describe how hormones are secreted in adrenal glands

A

Hormones produced is transported into the many arteries which all empties into the adrenal vein

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8
Q

What is precursor molecules for all corticosteroids and how many carbon molecules

A

Cholesterol- 27 carbon

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9
Q

Describe the pathway for the formation of aldosterone from cholesterol

A

Cholesterol

Pregnenlone

Progesterone

11- Deoxycorticosterone

Corticosterone

Aldosterone

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10
Q

What enzymes are involved in the reaction from pregnenlone to Aldosterone. List in ORDER

A

3 beta hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase

21 hydroxylase

11 hydroxylase

18 hydroxylase

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11
Q

Describe the pathways for the formation of cortisol from cholesterol

A

Cholesterol

Pregnenlone

Progesterone

17-Hydroxy-progesterone

11-deoxycortisol

Cortisol

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12
Q

List the enzymes involved in formation of cortisol from progesterone in ORDER

A

17 hydroxylase 21 hydroxylase 11 hydroxylase

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13
Q

Where is the significance of this tightly controlled reaction requiring different enzymes.

A

Any small change in enzyme structure will have a massive impact on the pathway and hence on the body.

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14
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Control Blood pressure by reabsorbing sodium ions in DCT and renal collecting duct

Secret potassium and hydrogen ion in DCT and collecting duct

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15
Q

What other organs does aldosterone affect in reabsorption of sodium ions

A

Sweat glands, colon, gastric glands

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16
Q

Describe what happens when aldosterone reaches DCT

A

Enters renal cells and act as a transcription factor

Cell release sodium ion transporter to membrane

Sodium ions reabsorbed back into kidney and enters blood through sodium potassium pump; water follows sodium to increase BP.

K+ and H+ secreted

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17
Q

What enzyme is released when BP falls, what cells releases this?

A

Renin; by Juxtaglomerular apparatus

18
Q

Explain the process of what causes renin release

A

Decreased renal perfusion pressure due to low BP Increased renal sympathetic activity (direct to JGA cell) Decreased Na+ load to top of loop of Henle

19
Q

Explain the process of how renin causes aldosterone release?

A

Renin from kidney binds to Angiotensinogen from liver Angiotensin 1 is made Angiotensin 1 reacts with ACE to make angiotensin 2 Angiotensin 2 reaches Zona glomerulosa Activate the enzymes responsible for synthesis of aldosterone

20
Q

How is cortisol regulated

A

Mainly ACTH

Some AVP

21
Q

What are the physiological effects of cortisol

A
  • Hepatic gluconeogenesis
  • Fat metabolism
  • Increased vascular permeability
  • Immune suppression
  • Peripheral protein catabolism
  • Increased blood glucose concentration
  • Excretion of water load
22
Q

What’s the effect of ACTH on the adrenal cortex Zona fasiculata

A

Activate the following enzymes Side chain cleavage 3 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 17 hydroxylase 21 hydroxylase 11 hydroxylase

23
Q

Describe how cortisol is released during the day

A

Diurnal rhythm by following the circadian rhythm Once at 8am and 4pm

24
Q

What is addison’s disease

A

Primary adrenal failure; Hence aldosterone and cortisol deficiency

25
What are the potential causes of Addison’s disease
TB- forming GRANULOMA in adrenal cortex Autoimmune diseases- destroy cortex
26
What are the signs and symptoms of Addison’s disease?
Increased pigmentation * Low BP; * weakness and weight loss * Constipation, * diarrhoea vomiting * Hyponatraemia * Fever * Syncope * Autoimmune vitiligo may coexist
27
Explain why patient with Addison’s disease present with increased pigmentation ?
Pituitary still makes and secrete ACTH; A precursor of ACTH is POM-C. Another product of POM-C is MSH(melanin stimulating hormone) Too much MSH and melanin produced
28
What are the urgent treatments of Addisonian crises
Dextrose- to prevent hypoglycaemia Hydrocortisone- a glucorcoticoid
29
What is Cushing’s Syndrome?
Too much cortisol
30
What are the potential causes of Cushing’s syndrome?
Tumour in pituitary- excess ACTH Tumour in adrenal- too much cortisol Taking steroid by mouth Ectopic ACTH due to lung cancer, heterotopia?
31
What are the signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?
Easy bruising, * stretch marks- less protein made * Weight gain * Moon cheeks * Hyperglycaemia- Diabetes, high BP * Poor wound healing * Moon face * Osteoporosis * Proximal myopathy
32
Name the catecholamines and they’re percentage in blood?
Adrenaline - 80% Noradrenaline- 20%
33
What is the adrenal medulla derived from?
Ectodermal neural crest
34
Where are catecholamines stored in adrenal medulla and to what stimulus are they released
Stored in cytoplasmic granules Released in response to ACh from preganglionic sympathetic neurones
35
What is the precursor for adrenaline and NA
Tyrosine
36
Outline the pathway for the formation of adrenaline from tyrosine?
Tyrosine- DOPA- Dopamine- Noradenaline- adrenaline
37
What’s the effect of catecholamines in the body
1. Tachycardia, 2. sweating 3. increased blood glucose, 4. alertness, 5. vasoconstriction 6. Fight/flight response
38
What two enzymes degrade the catecholamines?
Monoamine oxidase (MOA-O) Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COM-T)
39
How does catecholamines travel through the blood?
Bind to albumin
40
What investigations are used in diagnosis of Addison’s disease?
* HIgh K+, Low Na+ levels * High ACTH, MSH levels * Cortisol directly measured early in morning * Short synACTHen given and cortisol checked 30 min later to see if there’s a rise. If there is none then it’s Addison.
41
Compare the speed and power of cortisol and adrenaline in increasing glucose levels.
Adrenaline - acts extremely quicker (very fast) than cortisol. Hence used when blood glucose levels falls dangerously low acutely Cortisol- slower acting but much more powerful in its effects. Can be used to gradually increase glucose levels for chronic conditions