Genitourinary system and urinalysis Flashcards
(52 cards)
When obtaining a urine sample, why is important to get a midstream sample of urine (MSSU)
Some bacteria found on hand, skin and around urethra which can form part of the early urine. Hence not represetiave of real urine from kidney. MSSU is needed
How does creatinine change from bowman’s capsule to Collecting duct?
Freely filtered, Not reabsorbed. However, some is secreted so it will increase slightly
What could the following found in urine suggest:
- leukocyte
- Nitrite
- Ketones
- Bilirubin
- very dilute urine
- Leukocyte - URINARY TRACT INFECTION
- Nitrite - Bacteria in significant numbers especially Gram negative rods like E.coli
- Ketones- Calorei deprivation, starvation, fasting, diabetic ketoacidosis or aspirin poisoning
- Biirubin- Cirrhosis, gallstones, hepatitis or tumours of the liver or gall bladder
- Very dilute urine- Diabetes incipitus or Chronic renal disease
What could the following substances found in urine suggest:
- Glucose
- Protein
- blood
- Urobilinogen
Glucose- Diabetes Mellitus (or renal glycosuria if blood glucose conc is normal)
Protein- Glomerular damage. If in large amount, it could suggest nephrotic syndrome
Blood- Glomeruloephritis, kidney stones, tumours, infections
Urobilinogen- Haemolysis, cirrhosis or hepatitis
Why should immediately replace the lid on urine dip stick test strips container
Prevent airborne contamination
Why does urine appear yellow or white
Urobilin gives urine it’s yellow colour. If urine is concentrated it’ll look mor eye low. If urine is pale/white, there’s a lot mor water in urine
What does normal urine look like? What’s the significance
Pale yellow . No strong smell
if it’s red, it could mean blood. If it’s too white, maybe it’s diabetes incipidus or the person takes too much water
if it smells TOO strongly, it could be UTIs/etc

What could cause low specific gravity of urine . Normal and abnormal
Abnormal
- Diabetes incipidus
- Pyeloneprhritis
normal
- excessive fluid intake
- use of diuretics
How does inulin, water, sodium and glcuose in filtrate change as filtrate moves from bowmans capsule to collecting duct.
start at 100%

Look at this test strip
when (time) should you check leukocyte and specific gravity

Leukocyte - 2 min
Specifc gravity- 45s

What are the functions of the kidney
Excretion of metabolic products like urea, Uric acid
Excretion of foreign substances
regulation of body fluids, electrolyte and acid base balance
control of blood pressure
secretes hormones like erythropoietin and renin
LABEL this structure


Descirbe the blood flow in kidneys. What vessels does it flow and in what order

Label the following


What is the function of the Detrusor muscle and Trigone
Destrusor msucle- Contracts to build pressure in the urinary bladder to support urination
Trigone- this triangular region stretches to limit Brain signals about need to urinate
What’s the function of the internal and external sphincter. Contrast them
Internal sphincter- Involuntray control to prevent urination
External sphincter- Voluntary control to prevent urination
What’s the fucntion of the Bulbourethral gland?
This produces thick lubricant which is added to watery semen to promote sperm survival
LABEL this diagram


What are the parts of the loop of Henle
Thin descending limb
Thin ascending limb to
Thick ascending limb
What happens in the PCT and what does their epithelial cell contain?
Contains lots of mitochondria - proved energy for Na+/k+ ATPase
majority of water, Na+ and Cl- reabsorbed
solutes reabsorbed
all glucose reabsorbed
Contrast the epithelial cell content of the thick ascending limb and thin ascending and descending limb
Thick ascending limb- epithelial cells have lots of mitochondria
Thin ascending and thin descending limb- epithelial cells have low density of mitochondria
Why does the cortex look granular and medulla has striated appearance
Medulla has lots of tubules (collecting duct draining and going down into ureter)
cortex has glomeruli
What are the 2 different types of nephrons and mention their relative abundance
Surpeficial nephron
Jutamedullary nephrons- inside to inner medulla
Ratio of superficial to juxtamedullary is 10:1

What are the constituents of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus and relate to their functions.
draw them in relation to each other
Macula densa cells in DCT- they regulate GFR through tubule-glomerular feedback mechanism
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
Juxtaglomerular cells (Afferent arteriole)- they secrete renin for regulating BP

















