CNS

Question 1

What are the components of the brain stem

Answer 1

Midbrain, pons and medulla

Question 2

What are the components of PNS

Answer 2

Nerves and ganglia

Question 3

What is the function of frontal lobe

Answer 3

Initiating and planning movement; cognitive function and language, executive functions like planning.

Question 4

What is the function of the parietal lobe

Answer 4

Sensation (touch and pain); spatial orientation and self perception
Also sensory aspects of language

Question 5

What is the function of Temporal lobe

Answer 5

Processing auditory information

Question 6

What is the function of the occipital lobe

Answer 6

Processing visual information

Question 7

Contrast location and function of Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

Answer 7

Broca- left side ONLY- producing intelligible speech

Wernicke- right and left- understanding meaning of speech

Question 8

What are the components of the limbic lobe

Answer 8

Amygdala, hippocampus, mammillary body and cingulate gyrus

Question 9

What is the function of the limbic lobe

Answer 9

Learning, emotion, memory, motivation and reward

Question 10

What is the purpose of the corpus callosum

Answer 10

Contains commissary fibres; transfer information between hemispheres

Question 11

What is located deep within the lateral fissure

Answer 11

Insula

Question 12

What is the function of insula

Answer 12

Interoception- 
Visual-vestibular integration 
Visceral sensations
Autonomic control 
Auditory processing

Question 13

What is the function of the cerebellum

Answer 13

Control intricate movement and refine movement.

Question 14

What are the 3 layers of the meninges

Answer 14

Dura mater- periosteal and meningeal layers
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

Question 15

Where are CSF produced?

Where does it occupy?

Answer 15

Choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles .

It occupies subarachnoid space and ventricular system.

Question 16

What is volume of CSF in brain and how much is produced a day

Answer 16

125ml

500ml produced a day

Question 17

How is CSF reabsorbed

Answer 17

Via arachnoid villus into superior Sagitta sinus

Question 18

Contrast CSF with plasma

Answer 18

Lower pH, glucose, protein and potassium

MORE magnesium and chloride ions

Question 19

Compare viral CSF with bacterial CSF if there’s meningitis

Answer 19

Viral- not cloudy same as normal

Bacterial- more proteins than normal; cloudy

Question 20

How does CSF leave the ventricles?

Answer 20

Lateral or median foramina

Question 21

What are the nerves of the spinal cord; describe exhaustively

Answer 21

8 cervical (above atlas)
12 thoracic - below
5 lumbar 
5 sacral 
I coccygeal

Question 22

Where does the mixed signal nerves emerge out of

Answer 22

Intervertebral foramina

Question 23

What are the two spinal cord enlargements and what do they innervate

Answer 23

Cervical enlargement- upper limbs

Lumbar enlargement- lower limbs

Question 24

Compare length of vertebrae and spinal cord

Answer 24

Spinal cord shorter- embryogenesis

CSF extracted below L2.

Question 25

What is function of dorsal column

Answer 25

Proprioception, fine touch, vibration

Question 26

What’s the function of spinothalamic tract. What are they divided into?

Answer 26

Crude touch and temperature Ventral- Crude touch Lateral tract: pain and temperature

Question 27

Describe the major descending pathway

Answer 27

Corticospinal tract Start from Upper motor cortex- primary motor cortex Transferred down Low motor neurones- brain stem and spinal cord Lateral corticospinal decussate in medulla (85%) Anterior corticospinal doesnt desccusate

Question 28

Describe Somatotopy?

Answer 28

Leg- median brain | Face- lateral brain

Question 29

Describe pathway of corticospinal tract

Answer 29

Primary motor cortex down to medulla where 85% lateral fibres DECUSSATE. And down spinal cord (ventral horn) to muscles

Question 30

What is corticobulbar tracts

Answer 30

Movement to muscles of mastication and facial expression.

Question 31

What are the OTHER brain stem motor tracts? What do they do?

Answer 31

Vestibulospinal- provides info about head movements and mediates postural adjustment. Tectospinal- orients head and neck when eye moves Reticulospinal- breathing and emotional motor function Rubrospinal- innervates lower motor neurones of upper limbs

Question 32

What are the 2 tracts in dorsal column

Answer 32

Cuneate- above T6 | Gracile - below T6

Question 33

Describe dorsal column pathway

Answer 33

1st order- dorsal horn up spinal cord to gracile or cuneate nuclei 2nd order- deuccsate in caudal medulla form contralateral medial lemincicus tract to thalamus 3rd order from thalamus to somatosensory cortex

Question 34

Describe pathway of spinothalamic tract

Answer 34

It’s Order enter dorsal horn 2nd order decussate immediately in Spinal cord and travel to thalamus 3rd order - from thalamus to somatosensory cortex