Adrenal Glands, Kidneys and Posterior Abdominal Wall Session 25

Question 1

what is the general structure of the adrenal glands

Answer 1

outer cortex

inner medulla

Question 2

what does the adrenal cortex produce (3)

Answer 2

cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone

Question 3

what does the adrenal medulla produce

Answer 3

adrenaline

Question 4

what r the adrenal embedded in

Answer 4

perinephric fat

Question 5

compare shape of right and left adrenal glands

Answer 5

right: tetrahedral shape
left: crescent

Question 6

what structures r superfifcal to the adrenal glands

Answer 6

stomach and pancrea

Question 7

what is the arterial supply to adrenal glands and their origins (3)

Answer 7

superior adrenal- inferior phrenic, abd aorta
middle adrenal- abd aorta
inferior adrenal artery- renal, abd artery

Question 8

in the peritoneal cavity what is the shifted midline of aorta and IVC?

Answer 8

IVC to right of midline

Aorta to left of midline

Question 9

why might the right adrenal gland be in a different position to the left

Answer 9

pressed by the liver closer to vertebral column

Question 10

what r the names used to describe the position of the kidney in the abdomen

Answer 10

extraperitoneal (outside peritoneum)

retroperitoneal (behind peritoneum)

Question 11

what r the layers on top of the kidney (inner to out)- 3

Answer 11

perinephric fat
renal fascia
paranephric fat

Question 12

what is at the renal hilum (4)

Answer 12

renal artery, vein, lymphatics and ureter

Question 13

position of veins, arteries and ureter at hilum (anatomy identification)

Answer 13

ureter= most posterior, no branches
veins= superficial to arteries

Question 14

arterial and venous supply of kidneys

Answer 14

L + R renal artery and veins from aorta and IVC

Question 15

what is the internal strucutre of the kidneys (3)

Answer 15

outer cortex
inner medulla
innermost, medial calyces

Question 16

organisation of medulla of kidneys

Answer 16

pyramids

Question 17

function of calyces

Answer 17

drain urine and merge to form the ureter

Question 18

what r the fucntional units of kideys

Answer 18

nephrons

Question 19

functions of nephron (3)

Answer 19

filter blood
reabsrob water and solutes
excrete waste products

Question 20

what parts of the nephron r in the medulla

Answer 20

loop of henle and rest of collecting duct

Question 21

what parts of the nephron r in the cortex

Answer 21

glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal and distal tubules, part of collecting duct

Question 22

path of urine from collecting ducts to ureter

Answer 22

travels down medullary pyramid to renal papillae (apex) and enters minor calyx
enters major calyx then renal pelvis
then to the ureter

Question 23

what is the structure of the walls of the ureter and why

Answer 23

narrow tubes with muscular walls

contraction to move urine via peristalsis

Question 24

path of ureter

Answer 24

run anterior to psoas major on posterior abdominal wall
then crosses pelvic brim to enter pelvis
then enters bladder in its inferomedial spect

Question 25

what r kidneys stones and what can they cause

Answer 25

hard stones of calcium | obstruction of ureters= kidneys fill with urine and swell

Question 26

where r kidney stones most likely to get stuck (3)

Answer 26

1. pelvic-ureteric junction (renal pelvis) 2. pelvis brim (goes over iliac artery) 3. vesico-ureteric junction (ureter empties into bladder)

Question 27

what r the lumbar spinal nerves

Answer 27

L1-L4 and contribution from T12

Question 28

what r the branches of the lumbar plexus (6)

Answer 28

``` ilioinguinal iliohypogastric genitofemoral lateral femoral cutaneous femoral obturator ```

Question 29

what does the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric supply

Answer 29

anterior abdominal wall muscles and skin of external genitalia

Question 30

ilioinguinal vs iliohypogastric position

Answer 30

ilioinguinal is superior and parallel

Question 31

what is the subcostal spinal origin and what is its position compared to the branches of the lumbar plexus branches

Answer 31

T 12 | superior to all

Question 32

what does the genitofemoral nerve supply

Answer 32

skin of external genitalia

Question 33

what does genitofemoral run over

Answer 33

psoas major

Question 34

what does the lateral cuteanous neve of the thigh supply and what does it run over

Answer 34

skin over lateral part of thigh | iliacus

Question 35

what does the femoral nerve supply and where is its location and what is significant about the appearance of this nerve

Answer 35

supplies muscles and skin of anterior thigh appears to come from posterior of psoas major (between psoas and iliacus) chunky nerve

Question 36

what does the obturator nerve supply and what is its position on the posterior abdominal wall and what pelvis structure does it go into

Answer 36

muscles and skin of medial thigh most medial nerve pelvic inlet

Question 37

where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate and into what

Answer 37

L4 right and left common iliac arteries

Question 38

at what level does the internal iliac branch off the common iliac

Answer 38

L5-S1

Question 39

what r the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta (3)

Answer 39

coeliac trunk | superior and inferior mesenteric artery

Question 40

what r the paired branches of the abdominal aorta (5)

Answer 40

``` inferior phrenic lumbar renal adrenal gonadal ```

Question 41

what r the structures running along the posterior abdominal wall (5)

Answer 41

``` IVC aorta sympathetic branches of lumbar ureters gonadal vessesl ```

Question 42

what r the divisions of the male urethra

Answer 42

preprostatic, prostatic, membraneous, penile

Question 43

what tissue do bulbs and crura in a male refer to

Answer 43

``` bulb= corpus spongiosum crura= corpora cavernosa ```

Question 44

is the male urethra surrounded by other structures and why | what is the exception

Answer 44

yes support with pressure of ejac membranous

Question 45

where does the male urethra carry urine from and to

Answer 45

internal urethral orifice of bladder to external urethral orifice at tip of glans

Question 46

where does the female urethra carry urine from and to

Answer 46

internal urethral orifice of bladder to external urethral orifice in vestibule in females

Question 47

what enters the male urethra and where

Answer 47

ejac duct | prostatic urethra

Question 48

do males and females have a navicular fossa

Answer 48

yes