The Gluteal Region and Posterior Thigh Session 32

Question 1

what r the two layers of gluteal muscles

Answer 1

superficial and deep

Question 2

what is the general action of the superficial gluteal muscles

Answer 2

abduct and extend the femur

Question 3

what r the 4 superficial gluteal muscles

Answer 3

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimis
tensor fascia lata

Question 4

what is the location and characteristic of gluteus maximus and what does it shape

Answer 4

most superficial and largest muscle

produces shape of the buttocks

Question 5

what r the 3 attachments and 2 insertions of gluteus maxmimus

Answer 5

attachment: posterior surface of ileum, sacrotuberous ligament, sacrum
insertion: mainly iliotibial tract and a small part onto the gluteal tuberosity

Question 6

what r the actions of gluteus maximus and what movement is important for (MLEGS)

Answer 6

extensor and lateral rotator of hip
stabilises knee joint
important for standing up from sitting

Question 7

what is the location of gluteus medius

Answer 7

underneath gluteus maximus

Question 8

what is the location of gluteus minimus

Answer 8

underneath gluteus medius

Question 9

what is the attachment and insertion of gluteus medius and minimus

Answer 9

attachment: anterior part of posterior surface of ileum
insertion: greater trochanter

Question 10

what r the actions of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

Answer 10

abduct and medially rotate the hip

Question 11

what is the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus important for

Answer 11

contract during walking on the side of the leg that is in contact with the ground to prevent tilt
this maintains smooth gait

Question 12

what happens when the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus r weakened

Answer 12

pelvis tilts to contralateral side everytime that leg is in contact with the ground during walking= limp

Question 13

what is the characteristic and size of tensor fascia lata MUSCLE its location

Answer 13

small superficial muscle

muscle head= close to anterior edge of iliac crest

Question 14

attachment and insertion of tensor fascia lata

Answer 14

attachment: ASIS
insertion: iliotibial band which then inserts onto the lateral part of the proximal tibia

Question 15

action of tensor fascia lata and how does it do this?

is it a prime mover?

Answer 15

stabilizes extended knee and flexes hip joint
contracts to tense the fascia lata and iliotibial band
NOT a prime mover

Question 16

what is the general innervation fo the superficial gluteal muscles

Answer 16

gluteal nerves

Question 17

where do the gluteal nerves arise from and their path into the thigh

Answer 17

sacral plexus in pelvis

leave plexus via greater sciatic foramen

Question 18

what innervates the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata

Answer 18

superior gluteal nerve

Question 19

what innervates the gluteus maximus

Answer 19

inferior gluteal nerve

Question 20

what r the 4 deep gluteal msucles

Answer 20

piriformis
superiora and inferior gemelli
obturator internus
quadratus femoris

Question 21

what is the general action of the deep gluteal muscles (2)

hint (leave some dough mnemonic)

Answer 21

primarily stabilize and laterally rotate the hip joint

L= laterally rotates hip
S= stabilises hip
D= deep muscles

Question 22

what is the location of the deep gluteal muscles

Answer 22

deep to gluteus minimus

Question 23

what is the insertion of the deep gluteal muscles

Answer 23

all onto/ near the greater trochanter of the femur

Question 24

what is the origin of the deep gluteal muscles and what is the exception

Answer 24

from ischium

exception: obturator internus

Question 25

what is the exception origin of obturator internus and what does its tendon pass through

Answer 25

arises from obturator membrane | tendon passes through the lesser sciatic foramen

Question 26

what does the sciatic nerve divide into and where does this occur

Answer 26

posterior thigh/ politeal fossa | into tibial and common peroneal nerves

Question 27

what is the attachment, path and insertion of piriformis

Answer 27

attachment: anterior surface of sacrum path: passes through greater sciatic foramina insertion: greater trochanter

Question 28

what muscle do the nerves of the sciatic foramina lie over

Answer 28

piriformis

Question 29

what r the two arteries that supply the gluteus muscles and what r they a branch of?

Answer 29

superior and inferior gluteal arteries | branches of internal iliac artery

Question 30

what is the path of the superior and inferior gluteal arteries

Answer 30

leave pelvis via greater sciatic foramen and enter the gluteal region

Question 31

what does the superior gluteal artery supply (3)

Answer 31

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae

Question 32

what muscles does the inferior gluteal artery supply (4)

Answer 32

obturator internus, gluteus maximus, superior and inferior gemelli and the piriformis

Question 33

is there a large artery that supplies the hamstring muscles?

Answer 33

no

Question 34

what is the arterial supply of the posterior cmpartment muscles and what is the artery's path

Answer 34

supplied by 3 or 4 perforating arteries arising from profunda femoris travel through small apertures in the adductor magnus to reach the posterior compartment

Question 35

where is the femoral artery called another name and what is its name

Answer 35

popliteal fossa | popliteal artery

Question 36

what is the path of the femoral artery into the popliteal fossa

Answer 36

goes through adductor canal and adductor hiatus to enter the popliteal fossa

Question 37

what is the venous drainage of thigh and what is their path and what do they drain into

Answer 37

inferior and superior gluteal arteries follow their corresponding arteries and drain internal iliac vein

Question 38

what is the sciatic nerve formed from (spinal fibres)

Answer 38

L4-S3

Question 39

what r the two branches of the sciatic nerve, which is medial and lateral and what do each of them supply

Answer 39

lateral- common peroneal: muscles of anterior and lateral leg medial- tibial: muscles of posterior thigh and leg

Question 40

where does the popliteal artery become the femoral vein and what is its path

Answer 40

in the popliteal fossa and then continues as the femoral vein through the adductor hiatus

Question 41

what is the adductor hiatus and what travels through this

Answer 41

gap between two heads of adductor magnus | femoral artery and vein

Question 42

what is the popliteal fossa

Answer 42

diamond-shaped depression behind the knee joint

Question 43

what r the borders of the popliteal fossa

Answer 43

medial upper: semitendinous and semimembranous medial lower: medial head of the gastrocnemius lateral upper: biceps femoris lateral lower: lateral head of the gastrocnemius

Question 44

what r the five content of the popliteal fossa

Answer 44

``` popliteal artery popliteal vein sciatic nerve (splits here) tibial nerve common peroneal nerve ```

Question 45

what r the two branches of the common peroneal nerve

Answer 45

superficial and deep peroneal nerve

Question 46

what is the path of the common peroneal nerve

Answer 46

travels along superolateral border of popliteal fossa | wraps around neck of fibula and splits

Question 47

what goes through the greater sciatic foramina (12)

Answer 47

``` sciatic nerve piriformis muscle superior and inferior gluteal nerve, artery and vein nerve to obturator internus nerve to quadratus femoris Pudendal nerve Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve ```

Question 48

what is the order of gluteaus msucels from superficial to deep

Answer 48

maximus (most superficial) then medius then minimis

Question 49

what are the 4 muscles of the posterior thigh

Answer 49

semimembranosus semitendinosus biceps femoris (longus and brevis) hamstrings part of adductor magnus

Question 50

what muscles r the hamstrings?

Answer 50

semimembranosus semitendinosus biceps femoris

Question 51

what is the attachment of the hamstrings, innervation and exception for this

Answer 51

``` proximally to ischial tuberosity tibial nerve (except short head biceps femoris) ```

Question 52

what is the actin of hamstrings

Answer 52

extend hip joint and flex knee joint

Question 53

what is the attachment, insertion, action and innervation of semimembranousus (same as semitendinosus)

Answer 53

attachment: proximally to ischial tuberosity insertion: medial aspect of proximal tibia action: extends hip, flexes knee innervation: tibial

Question 54

what is the attachment, insertion, action and innervation of semitendinosus (same as semimembranosus)

Answer 54

attachment: proximally to ischial tuberosity insertion: medial aspect of proximal tibia action: extends hip, flexes knee innervation: tibial

Question 55

what is the attachment and insertion of the biceps femoris heads

Answer 55

attachment: proximal to ischial tuberosity insertion: long and short head form a common tendon and insert onto the head of the fibula

Question 56

what is the action and innervation of the two biceps femoris muscles

Answer 56

action: long head- extends knee and flexes hip short head- only flexes knee innervation: long head- tibial short head- common peroneal

Question 57

where does the short head of the biceps fermoris arise from and why is this significant

Answer 57

arises from linea aspera | doesn't travel over hip- cannot move hip, only extend knee

Question 58

what is the attachment, insertion, action and innervation of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?

Answer 58

attachment: ischial tuberosity insertion: adductor tubercle of femur action: adducts the hip (doesn't move knee) innervation: obturator nerve