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HOSA: Human G&D > Advanced Old Age & Geriatrics > Flashcards

Advanced Old Age & Geriatrics Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

What determines if someone is “old”

A

how person thinks/feels/behaves

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2
Q

what ages are young old

A

65-74 yrs

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3
Q

what ages are old

A

75-90 yrs

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4
Q

what ages are very old

A

+90 yrs

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5
Q

what is the female life expectancy

A

81 yrs

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6
Q

what is the male life expectancy

A

76 yrs

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7
Q

define a CENTENARIAN

A

person who is at least 100 yrs old

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8
Q

define LIFE SPAN

A

maximum # of years a species is capable of living

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9
Q

what is the human lifespan

A

120 yrs

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10
Q

define AGING

A

normal, inevitable progressive process w/irreversible changes over time @ individualized rates

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11
Q

define SENESCENCE

A

symptoms of normal aging

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12
Q

define AGEISM

A

bias/unfair treatment of older adults

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13
Q

define GERONTOLOGY

A

study of aging

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14
Q

describe the CLOCKWORK THEORY

A

biological theory of aging; connective cells are programmed to stop reproducing after certain amount of time

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15
Q

describe the FREE-RADICAL THEORY

A

biological theory of aging; unstable molecules from cellular metabolism/substances cause mutation leading to aging, can be countered by antioxidants

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16
Q

describe the WEAR-&-TEAR THEORY

A

biological theory of aging; cells wear out & stop functioning after repeated injury bc metabolic waste accumulate over time, depriving cells of nutrition leading to mlafunction

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17
Q

describe the IMMUNE-SYSTEM-FAILURE THEORYA

A

biological theory of aging; decrease immune functions cause a slow response to invaders increasing risk of infection

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18
Q

describe the AUTOIMMUNE THEORY

A

biological theory of aging; weakened immune system destroys itself, increasing chance of autoimmune diseases

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19
Q

describe the DISENGAGEMENT THEORY

A

psychosocial theory of aging; individual gradually withdraws from society leading to satisfying transfer of power between old & young

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20
Q

what do critics say about the DISENGAGEMENT THEORY

A

decrease engagement leads to decrease contentment

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21
Q

describe the ACTIVITY THEORY

A

psychosocial theory of aging; achieve satisfaction from increase social activity & involvement

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22
Q

describe the CONTINUITY-DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY

A

psychosocial theory of aging; refers to belief personality & coping pattern don’t change w/age and leads to person’s response to aging

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23
Q

musculoskeletal changes in elderly

A
  • decrease in muscle mass, strength, & tone
  • poor balance
  • muscle weakness, spasms, stiffness
  • decrease flexibility & ROM
  • intervertebral disks compact
  • trunk length decrease & spinal curve increase
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24
Q

changes in body type in elderly

A
  • decrease shoulder width
  • slight increase in chest circumference
  • increase head circumference
  • nose & ears lengthen
  • slow decrease in weight after 55 yrs
  • 30% fewer cells
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25
changes in cardiovascular health in elderly
- heart valves thicker & more rigid - decrease cardiac output & reserve - poor blood flow w/activity - increased BP (from rigid blood vessels & collagen + lipofuscin buildup)
26
define LIPOFUSCIN
pigmented metabolic waste product
27
list changes in respiratory health in elderly
- calcification of rib cage & costal cartilage - increase residual volume - decrease air capacity - more work to move air
28
define RESIDUAL VOLUME
amnt of air in lungs after forceful exhalation
29
define XEROSTOMIA
dry mouth
30
define DYSPHAGIA
difficulty swallowing
31
list changes in GI health in elderly
- xerostomia & dysphagia - diminished gag reflex - decrease peristalsis - decrease stomach capacity, digestive juices, enzymes - decrease nutrient absorption - need fewer calories & more fluid
32
list changes of the integumentary system in elderly
- skin = colder, thinner, drier, more fragile, & delayed healing - decrease activity of oil & sweat glands - nails = brittle, dyll, yellow, thick - prone to skin breakdown after bruise/injury - hair growth on eyebrows, nose, ears, & face (women) - decrease ability to maintain body temp & sweat increase - lines, wrinkles, & poor circulation - decrease in fat
33
define SENILE LENGTIGO/SENILE LENTIGINES/LIVER SPOTS
irregular dark yellow, brown gray, or black pigmentation from uneven distribution of melanocytes
34
what are recommendation for elderly to maintain their skin health
- mild soaps, bath oils, & moisturizers - shower 2-3 times/week & partial baths - no hot water bottles/heating pads
35
list changes of the nervous system in elderly
- 5-10% neurons atrophy by 70 & increase from there - brain lose 7% weight by 80 - cerebral blood flow decrease - slowed motor response & reaction time - nerve endings less sensitive
36
t/f: memory & learning issues can be caused by aging
false. they can only come from a specific disease
37
list changes in vision health in elderly
- sensitivity to glare increase - blue & green differentiation decrease - cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy - blockage of lacrimal ducts & eye watering
38
list changes in hearing in elderly
- talk low pitched & moderately loud - thickening of tympanic membrane & calcification of bone - accumulation of cerumen - presbycusis
39
s/s: of cerumen accumulation
fullness, itching, tinnitus
40
reasons for hearing loss
- obstruction/reduction of passage in inner ear - nerve atrophy - circulatory changes
41
changes in genital health in elderly women
- sex organs atrophy after menopause - vaginal walls thinner & rigid - protective vaginal secretions decrease - deepening of voice, pubic hair, atrophy of breast
42
changes in genital health in elderly men
- gradual decrease in testicular tissue after 50 - takes longer for erection - less semen @ ejaculation - testosterone & sperm count decrease - hypertrophy of prostate
43
changes in urinary health in elderly
- kidneys decrease in size & lose some nephrons - decrease ability to filter, concentrate, & dilute urine - bladder lose some elasticity & volume
44
changes in endocrine health in elderly
- secretory cells replace dw/connective cells - diabetes mellitus & thyroid dysfunction - increase parathormone & TSH - decrease in thyroxin, estrogen, progesterone, & insulin
45
what counts as hypertension
systolic > 130 & diastolic at least 80
46
how much physical activity should elderly get
150 min/week or as much as ability & comfort allows
47
why are divorces more common in elderly
debilitating illnesses, disabilities, marrital distress
48
what are the phases of retirement
1. remote phase 2. near phase 3. honeymoon period 4. disenchantment 5. reorientation phase 6. stability phase 7. terminates
49
define the REMOTE PHASE of retirement
denial period where the individual prepared little
50
define the NEAR PHASE of retirement
some planning goes into retirement
51
define the HONEYMOON PERIOD of retirement
euphoria bc do all activities could not do previously
52
define the DISENCHANTMENT of retirement
reality sets in & come to terms w/expectations
53
define the REORIENTATION PHASE of retirement
re-establish goals & change lifestyles
54
define the STABILITY PHASE of retirement
adjustment to reality
55
define the TERMINATES PHASE of retirement
person resumes to work or becomes ill/disabled
56
cognitive characteristics of elderly
- more reluctant to try/learn new things - gen happier - difficulty concentrating - increase losses in short term memory
57
s/s: confusion
- talking incoherently - not knowing their own name/recognizing others - wandering aimlessly - lacking awareness of time/place - display hostile & combative behavior - less attention to personal hygiene - can't respond to simple command/instruction
58
causes of confusion
- delirium - CVAs - arteriosclerosis & atherosclerosis - dementia - alzheimer's - transient ischemic attacks
59
what vitamins/minerals do elderly need more of
Calcium, vitamin D & B12, potassium water, & fiber
60
how many calories do men 51-75 yrs need/day
2000-2300
61
how many calories do men +76 yrs need/day
1650-2000
62
how many calories do women 51-75 yrs need/day
1600-1680
63
how many calories do women +76 yrs need/day
1500-1600
64
how much of an elderly's diet should be carbs
60%
65
define KETOSIS
accumulation of ketones when fats improperly metabolized, disturbing acid0base balance
66
how much of the elderly's diet is protein?
12-13%
67
how much of the elderly's diet is fat
30%
68
s/s: dehydration
- confusion sunken eyes - dry mouth & tongue - dry, loose skin - urine specific gravity > 1.030 - urine output is less than 500 mL/day
69
how alcohol beneficial for elderly
reduces coronary heart disease
70
s/s: malnutrition
- weight loss & muscle wasting - poor healing - cognitive impairment - visual disturbances
71
define nocturia
nighttime urination
72
how much sleep should elderly get/night
7-9 hrs
73
what vaccines should elderly have
tetanus, shingles, pneumococcal pneumonia, flu
74
purpose of using GINGKO
improve circulation & brain blood flow
75
purpose of using SAW PALMETTO
prevent/treat prostate enlargement
76
purpose of using ST. JOHN'S WART
relieve stress, anxiety, & depression
77
purpose of using EVENING PRIMROSE
menopause & dry skin
78
purpose of using BLACK COHOSH
menopause
79
purpose of using CHONDROITIN SULFATE & GLUCOSAMINE
cartilage
80
purpose of using CELERY SEED
treat gout & arthritis
81
purpose of using garlic
decrease BP & cholesterol & prevent blood clots
82
purpose of using VITAMIN E
prevent heart attacks & dementia
83
purpose of using VITMAIN C
reduce cold severity
84
define delirium
acute impairment in cognition & attention that can happen at any age
85
s/s: delirium
- disorientation - emotional lability - hallucinations & delusions - disturbance of sleep-wake cycle - restlessness, hyperactivity, hypoactivity
86
potential causes of delirium
systemic, mechanical, & psychosocial
87
define dementia
loss of cognitive abilities caused by over 70 diseases & diagnosed by Mini-Mental State Examination
88
purpose of Mini-Mental State Examination
test memory, judgment, abstract thinking, attention, & calculation w/some control & routine
89
define polypharmacy
use of multiple medications & can cause pseudodepression
90
describe Alzheimer's
form of dementia leading to change in brain cells; lack of neurotransmitters lead to death of neurons, development of amyloid plaques, & neurofibrillary tangles
91
possible causes of Alzehimer's
- genetic defect - missing enzyme - virus - faulty metabolism of glucose - toxic affects of aluminum
92
when is alzheimer's considered terminal
lasting 3-10 yrs
93
s/s: early alzheimer's
- self-centeredness - decrease interest in social activities - memory loss - anxiety, depression, agitation - mood & personality changes - poor judgment - inability to plan & complete daily tasks - confusion about time place
94
s/s: progressive Alzheimer's
- nighttime restlessness & wandering - frequent mood swings - ignore personal hygiene - severe confusion & forgetfulness - perseveration/repetitive behaviors - decrease ability to understand other/speak coherently - weight fluctuations - increase paranoia & hallucinations
95
s/s: terminal Alzheimer's
- total disorientation regarding person, time & place - incoherent & can't communicate w/words - loss of bladder & bowel control - seizures - weight loss despite balanced diet - total dependency on caretaker - coma & death

HOSA: Human G&D (15 decks)

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