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HOSA: Human G&D > Early Childhood > Flashcards

Early Childhood Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

avg height for a 2 & 3 year old

A

2 yr: 34”
3 yr: 37.25”

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2
Q

avg weight for a 2 & 3 yr old

A

2 yr: 27 lbs
3 yrs: 32 lbs

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3
Q

body characteristics for a 2 yr old

A

pot bellied & lordosis

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4
Q

body characteristics for a 3 yr old

A

tall, slender, more correct posture than 2 yr old

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5
Q

when does a toddler have a full set of primary teeth?

A

2 1/2 yrs

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6
Q

when does depth perception fully develop

A

preschool

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7
Q

define AMBLYOPIA

A

lazy eye causing double vision that can lead to blindness if untreated

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8
Q

list treatments for amblyopia

A
  • eye patch on stronger eye
  • corrective lenses
  • eye exericses
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9
Q

define STRABISMUS

A

crossing of eyes; common condition

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10
Q

why do toddlers have an increase chance for ear infections

A

eustachian tubes are shorter & wider than older kids

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11
Q

list healthy vitals for a toddler

A
  • 90-120 bpm
  • 20-30 respiration
  • 99-64 mmHg
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12
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 15 months

A
  • walk by themselves
  • limited balancing action
  • creep up stairs
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13
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 18 months

A
  • walk up stairs
  • sit on chairs
  • run clumsily
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14
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 2 yrs

A
  • walk up stairs & go down w/help
  • run & kick
  • jump in place
  • sit on chair
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15
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 3 yrs

A
  • hop
  • balance on 1 foot
  • stand on tip toe
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16
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 4 yrs

A
  • walk & run on tiptoes
  • alternate feet when descending stairs
  • hop & balance on 1 foot for 3-5 seconds
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17
Q

what are the gross motor skills developed at 5 yrs

A
  • increased muscle coordination & strength
  • jump rope, skip, catch ball, balance beam
  • sports
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18
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 15 months

A

insert a spoon into dish w/spillage

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19
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 1 yr

A

remove socks, shoes, hat, & mittens

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20
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 2 yrs

A
  • remove & put on clothes
  • wash part of their bodies
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21
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 3 yrs

A

hold crayon w/fingers & control drawings

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22
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 4 yrs

A
  • self-care activities
  • draw a face & cut a line
  • spoon control
  • manipulate clothing
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23
Q

what are the fine motor skills developed at 5 yrs

A
  • independent bathroom use
  • detailed drawings
  • copy letters
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24
Q

toilet training requires what two things

A

muscle maturity & maturation of senses

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25
T/F: kids have bowel control before bladder control
true
26
when does toilet training generally happen
2 yrs-3 1/2 yrs
27
what are setbacks to toilet training
- changes in schedule - emotional stress - fatigue/illness
28
define NEGATIVISITIC BEHAVIOR
temper tantrums or rebellious behaviors bc wants/needs not met immediately
29
what should caregivers do in response to negativistic behavior
- leave child alone in room - limit onlookers - talk it out - time out 1 min for every 1 yr of age
30
what do toddlers begin to learn in relation to cognition & morals
- object permanence - right vs wrong - socially acceptable behavior - egocentric view - relating time to event
31
what are characteristics of toddler communication?
symbolic function & meaning; 2 word sentences & repetition to form short complete sentences; use holophrases & telegraphic speech
32
define HOLOPHRASES
1 word to describe a whole group
33
define TELEGRAPHIC SPEECH
two word combinations
34
2 yrs old develop this causing them to mimic other people's behaviors
self awareness & awareness of other's emotions
35
an average 3 yr old needs how many calories/day
1000-1400
36
toddlers are trickle feeders, so they should be fed this amount of small meals & snacks/day
3 small meals & 3 snacks
37
about how many cups of whole milk/day do toddlers need
2
38
what are some reasons toddlers don't eat
attention seeking, excitement/distraction, exhaustion/illness, lack of hunger
39
for toddlers, meal times should be what
consistent & socialized
40
what types of play do toddlers engage in
symbolic & parallel
41
about how many hours of sleep should toddlers get/night
10-15 hrs
42
what vaccines should 12-15 months get?
measles, mumps, rubella, & varicella
43
what is the preferred way of play for toddlers
parallel play
44
how much media should toddlers consume per day max
2 hrs/day maximum
45
describe symbolic play
mimic adult roles, incorporate imagination, imaginary friends
46
which gender is more likely to have imaginary friends
girls
47
what are the benefits of symbolic play
- explore different possibilities - control aggression
48
when should toddlers start going to the dentist?
2 yrs
49
how much height and weight do kids gain in the preschool years? (age 3-5)
3-5 or 5-7 lbs/year & grow 2 1/2-3 in/year
50
snacks should be low in what to prevent tooth decay
carbs
51
describe muscle & bone development of preschoolers
- rapid muscle growth - hips rotate in forming adducted foot position - fat replaces red marrow in long bones
52
preschoolers gain an adducted foot position, what is the benefit of this
feet move to center of body causing a stead & erect gait
53
what are sensory milestones in preschoolers
completion of depth perception, color detection, & hearing
54
define POSTURAL CONTROL
ability to achieve & maintain balance w/activity
55
purpose of preschool
promote cognitive, motor, & social development
56
signs of readiness for preschool
- toilet training - tolerate periods of separation from parents - increased communication skills
57
define centration
focus/center of attention on 1 cue (ex: not recognizing a friend if they are wearing a mask)
58
define windows of opportunity
time frames to optimize development of critical skills where child is most receptive learning
59
what happens if a window of opportunity is missed?
it is more difficult to develop the ability later
60
what do preschoolers begin to develop (moral)
- super ego - emulate beliefs & values - capacity for self-evaluation & criticism
61
what sounds can a 3 year old master
h, m, n, p, q
62
list the milestones of communication in a 4 yr old
- 3-4 word sentences - who, what, where questions - sounds: b, k, g, f
63
list the milestones of communication in a 5 yr old
- +5 word sentences - converse on phone - sounds: d, ng, y
64
this is generally temporary and may appear in preschoolers when trying to communicate
hesitation & stuttering
65
List/describe highlights of preschooler communication development
- greater understanding of time - able to learn name, address, & phone number - begin humor & metamemory
66
define METAMEMORY
reflection on what they remember
67
what is the order of language development
phonology > morphology > syntax > semantics > pragmatic use
68
define PHONOLOGY
sounds making words
69
define MORPHOLOGY
word structure & formation (ex: go > goes/go > went)
70
define SYNTAX
sentence structure
71
define SEMANTICS
word meaning
72
define PRAGMATICS
proper language use
73
how many calories should 3-4 yr olds eat?
1000-1400 cal
74
how many calories should 4-5 yr olds eat?
1200-1600 cal
75
what are the most common food allergies?
peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish/shellfish
76
what are the MY PLATE RECOMMENDATIONS for preschoolers
- 5 oz grain - 1 1/2 cups each veggies & fruits - 2 1/2 cups dairy - 4 oz protein
77
what are the limits for sodium, saturated fat, & added sugars for preschoolers according to My Plate?
- sodium: 1900 mg - saturated fat: 16 g - added sugars: 35 g
78
how much sleep should preschoolers get per night
11-13 hrs
79
describe night terrors
extreme nightmare leading to screaming, rapid breathing & heart rate, profuse sweating, & inconsolable while sleeping; don't represent stress & child unable to recall when awake
80
what types of play do preschoolers engage in
associative, imaginative, functional, constructive, symbolic, & cooperative
81
define ASSOCIATIVE PLAY
game w/no common goal & limited rules; kids able to share & take turns
82
define FUNCTIONAL PLAY
begin about 3 yrs; perform repetitive motions
83
define CONSTRUCTIVE PLAY
begins at about 4 yrs; building, put things together, create art
84
define COOPERATIVE PLAY
play w/others w/common goal
85
what vaccines should preschoolers have
- diphtheria - pertussis - tetanus (DTaP) - polio (TOPV) - measles, mumps, & rubella (MMR) - varicella (VAR) - flu
86
list common childhood illnesses
- bronchitis - chicken pox (varicella) - colds - ear infection - flu - measles, mumps, & rubella - meningitis - pink eye (conjunctivitis) - whooping cough (pertussis) - strep throat - scarlet fever
87
what are common fears of preschoolers
dark, mutilation, & abandonment
88
when does the fear of mutiliation occur
after injury or hospitalization
89
what are common behavior concerns for preschoolers
thumb sucking & bed wetting
90
define punishment
consequence for bad behavior
91
t/f: punishment is the same as discipline
false
92
what are the 3 main types of discipline
power assertion/corporal punishment, love withdrawal, induction
93
describe POWER ASSERTION/CORPORAL PUNISHMENT discipline
relies on fear; demonstrates negative way to handle emotion; can be abusive; likely to transfer to other relationships
94
describe LOVE WITHDRAWAL discipline
threaten to remove love causing stress & instability for child; encourages belief that love is conditional & power tool; includes the silent treatment
95
describe the INDUCTION discipline
use logic to explain & address behavior; ineffective 1st year of life but changes over time
96
define GENDER IDENTITY
sense of being male or female
97
define GENDER ROLES
predetermined expectation of actions, interests, & emotions based on gender
98
describe AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
complex developmental disorder from something interfering w/brain development before or after birth; more common in men
99
s/s of autism
- difficulty communicating - repetitive behaviors - discomfort/inability to function in social settings - avoid eye contact - resistant to change - overstimulation from colo/sound/activity
100
s/s of ADHD
- difficulty focusing - impulsiveness - hyperactivity - eager to speak - lack attention to detail - don't listen when directly addressed
101
what is the preferred treatment method for ADHD in preschoolers
therapy
102
what does ADHD stand for
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

HOSA: Human G&D (15 decks)

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