Prenatal Flashcards by Samantha Lee

define a ZYGOTE

single celled fertilized egg

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define a KARYOTYPE

chromosomal structure of organism

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define KARYOTYPING

process to predict transmission of genetic disorders

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what genetic condition is more common in African Americans

sickle cell disease

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what genetic condition is more common in Jewish Europeans?

Tay-Sachs disease

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what is TAY-SACHS disease

recessive condition; unable to break down some fats causing them to build up & block neurotransmission leading to cognitive & physical deterioration & early death

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define TERATOGENS

chemical/physical toxins to unborn

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list types of teratogens

bacterial, protozoan, & viral infections
toxoplasmosis
alcohol
nicotine/cigarettes
caffeine
radiation/lead/mercury
marijuana
cocaine
heroin
methamphetamine

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define TOXOPLASMOSIS & how to avoid

common parasite; eat well cooked meat & avoid cat litter

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list results of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

miscarriages
still birth
prenatal & postnatal growth restrictions
CNS abnormalities

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list potential results if consuming alcohol when pregnant

facial deformities
defective limbs & heart
below avg intelligence
cognitive disabilities

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list potential results if consuming nicotine/cigarettes when pregnant

low birth weight
growth restriction
premature birth
congenital & cardiovascular disorgers

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what is the potential result when consuming caffeine during pregnancy

miscarriage

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what is the potential results when exposed to radiation/lead/mercury during pregnancy

miscarriage & congenital disorders

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what are the potential results when ingesting marijuana during pregnancy

premature birth
low birthweight & slow weight gain
neurological disorders
respiratory problems
SIDS

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what are the potential results when ingesting cocaine during pregnancy

low birth weight
shorter birth length
smaller head circumference
slower motor development in infancy
slower growth thru age 10
excitability/irritability
neurological, cognitive, & medical deficits
behavioral & attention issues

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what are the potential results when ingesting heroin during pregnancy

behavior & attention issues
withdrawal issues
excitability/irritability
excessive crying
disturbed sleep
slower motor development

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what are the potential results when ingesting methamphetamine during pregnancy

low birth weight
higher infant mortality
neurological & cognitive deficits
behavior & attention issues

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define OVULATION

period where the ovum matures & is released about every 28 days

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define MORULA

cell mass (produced from zygote going thru cell divisions) that divides & changes as it goes from fallopian tube to uterus

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define BLASTOCYTE

morula that implants into uterine wall @ point of implantation; generally 64-128 cells

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define EMBRYO

multi-celled organism after implantation consisting of 3 parts that turn into various body parts

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list the 3 parts of an embryo

ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm

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What body parts are from the ectoderm of an embryo?

nervous, ears, nose, & eyes

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What body parts are from the mesoderm of an embryo?

bone, muscle, circulatory, & reproductive

what body parts are from the endoderm of an embryo?

digestive & respiratory

define a FETUS

embryo w/all essential structures @ end of week 8

list the process of embryo formation starting at conception & ending @ birth

conception > zygote > morula > implantation > blastocyte > embryo > fetus > birth

about how long is pregnancy

40 weeks

How long is the 1st trimester of pregnancy

1-12 weeks

how long is the 2nd trimester of pregnancy

13-24 weeks

how long is the 3rd trimester of pregnancy

24 weeks-birth

how long is the PRE-EMBRYONIC/GERMINAL stage

fertilization - 2 weeks

how long is the EMBRYONIC stage

2 wks - 8 wks

how long is the FETAL stage

8 wks - birth

list significant developments in week 4 of pregnancy

- signs of arms & legs - heart, liver, blood cells, & beginning of brain

list significant developments in weeks 6-8 of pregnancy

- heart chambers - rapid brain development - limbs, face, GI, genitals - organogenesis finished

list significant developments in weeks 9-12 of pregnancy

- bile & kidney secretion - enamel, dentin, & bone marrow - distinguishing sex - respiration reflex - brain features - ossification

list significant developments in weeks 13-16 of pregnancy

- active fetus - calcified skeleton - placenta - circulating heart - enzyme secretion - increase respiration

list significant developments in weeks 17-20 of pregnancy

- heartbeat thru stethoscope - hair & nails - vernix caseosa - fat deposits

list significant developments in weeks 21-24 of pregnancy

- skin wrinkled & pink - ears - some breathing - increase vernix caseosa

list significant developments in weeks 25-28 of pregnancy

- looks like old man - eyelids open - subcutaneous fat - testes

list significant developments in weeks 29-32 of pregnancy

- skin pink & smooth - definition & descent of genitalia - crease on soles - conditioned to sound

list significant developments in weeks 33-36 of pregnancy

- increased fat - skin thick & white - lanugo disappears - breast tissue

list significant developments in weeks 37-40 of pregnancy

- plump - ears - eye color - antibodies

what is considered full term

at least 38 weeks

what hormones are produced during labor

progesterone, oxytocin, & prostaglandins

purpose of PROGESTERONE

maintains pregnancy & stimulates contractions

purpose of OXYTOCIN

stimulates contractions & prepares breasts

purpose of PROSTAGLANDINS

stimulates contractions

what are the 3 stages of labor

dilation, expulsion, afterbirth

describe the DILATION stage of labor

generally 12-24 hrs; regular contractions & effacement

define effacement

shortening & thinning of cervix

describe the EXPULSION stage of labor

generally 1 1/2 hours; most difficult stage; begins w/complete dilation & ends w/birth

describe the AFTERBIRTH (stage 3) stage of labor

generally 5-30 minutes; begins w/birth of baby & ends with placenta delivery

define the PLACENTA

organ that produces hormones, transports nutrients & wastes, & protects the baby

define the umbilical cord

cord of 3 blood vessels (2 arteries & vein)

the umbilical vein does what

deliver O2 & nutrients to baby

the umbilical arteries does what

delivery waste & deoxygenated blood to placenta

how much weight gain is expected if the mother was orginally at a healthy weight

25-35 pounds

what are generally in prenatal vitamins

iron, folic acid, & calcium

what are the benefits of folic acid if pregnancy

reduce brain & spine defects

what are the benefits of calcium in pregnancy

stronger bones in mom & baby

what are the benefits of iron in pregnancy

reduce chance of low birth weight

what foods should pregnant women avoid

- fish & shellfish high in mercury - undercooked meats/poultry/eggs - unpasteurized dairy

what are the effects of stress during pregnancy

low birth weights & premature birth

teen moms have an increase chance for

hypertension, preterm labor, low birth weight, & poorer health

moms older than 35 have an increase chance for

baby defects & abnormalities, gestational diabetes, miscarriage, issues w/C-section

in moms older than 35, _____ takes longer & there is an increased risk for _____

conception; multiples

why do babies of moms older than 35 have an increase chance of defects & abnormalities

eggs have longer exposure to environmental toxins & older they are more chance of chromosome oddities

define the lamaze method

partner helps mom keep track & time contractions while providing emotional support

in a preemie, when do they have the best chance of survival

after 28 weeks

preemies often experience what in life

developmental/milestone delays

what is a low birth weight

less than 5.8 lbs

what is a very low birth weight

less than 3.5 lbs

when is induced labor done

when there is risk to baby or mom

what are the cons to induced labor

contractions more intence & greater need for C-section

what are the causes of oxygen deprivation to baby

pressure on blood vessels or inadequate blood supply between mom & baby bc of problems w/cord or placenta

Prenatal Flashcards

(78 cards)