Theories of Development Flashcards
1
Q
define GROWTH
A
quantitive increase in physical size that is interdependent of development
2
Q
define DEVELOPMENT
A
progressive acquisition of skills & capacity that is interdependent of growth & trasnational; stems from learned behavior & maturation; 3 types
3
Q
define MATURATION
A
attainment of fully developed skill from total process of skills & independent practice/training
4
Q
growth and development grows and what together
A
lags
5
Q
What are the 3 types of development
A
physical, cognitive, & socio-emotional development
6
Q
describe PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
A
changes in size, body composition, chemical make-up, & height
7
Q
describe COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
A
changes in way people think from social interaction & brain development
8
Q
describe SOCIO-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
A
changes in social relationships, feeling, social skills, self-esteem, gender identity, & coping methods
9
Q
define cephalocaudal
A
begins @ head to feet
10
Q
define proximodistal
A
from center to extremeties
11
Q
list characteristics of growth & development
A
- simple to complex
- continuous slow & steady w/growth spurts
- individualized progress rates
- affects all systems @ different times
- affects person physically, mentally, & socially
12
Q
list the 3 conflicts of growth & development
A
- nature vs nurture
- continuity vs discontinuity
- pedagogy vs andragogy
13
Q
describe CONTINUITY VS DISCONTINUITY
A
slow progression vs abrupt change
14
Q
describe PEDAGOGY VS ANDRAGOGY
A
taught by teacher vs self taught
15
Q
define psychoanalytical theories
A
theories analyze symbolic meaning behind behavior; thought to be rooted in unconsciousness & early life experiences
16
Q
what are two famous psychologists behind psychoanalytical theories
A
Freud & Erikson
17
Q
describe cognitive theories
A
theories about how ppl process info, think, & learn
18
Q
What are two famous psychologists behind cognitive theories
A
Piaget & Vygotsky
19
Q
What are the basics of Freud’s theory?
A
there are 3 parts to awareness (conscious, subconscious, & unconscious) & 3 conflicted personality components (Id, Ego, & Superego)
20
Q
describe Freud’s theory regarding awareness is further detail
A
- the conscious is based in reality & logic (deals w/immediate awareness)
- the subconscious/preconscious hold memory, thoughts, & feelings; able to be recalled to conscious
- unconscious holds painful memories; behavior can be understood if unconscious is understood
21
Q
describe Freud’s theory on conflicted personality in further detail
A
- the Id controls basic primitive “I want” urgers & driven by libido
- the Ego is the “executive” most in touch of reality that understands delayed satisfaction in relation to Id
- the Superego understands ethics & morals; able to judge, control, & punish
22
Q
aka: defense mechanisms
A
mental mechanisms
23
Q
all defense mechanisms happen unconsciously except for
A
suppression
24
Q
who thought defenses mechanisms were to protect the ego
A
Freud
25
list types of defense mechamisms
- suppression
- rationalization
- identification
- sublimation
- regression
- denial
- displacement
- projection
- compensation
- undoing
- reaction formation/overcompensation
- conversion
- daydreaming
- repression
- withdrawl
26
define suppression
consciously bringing back distressing feelings to increase focus
27
define rationalization
justify/excuse to prevent from confronting reality; don't learn to deal; most widely used
28
define IDENTIFICATION DEFENSE MECHANISM
taking on personality traits of another held in high esteem generally during sexual role identification
29
define SUBLIMATION DEFENSE MECHANISM
channel/redirect unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable outlets; considered positive & effective
30
what defense mechanism is considered positive & effective
sublimation
31
define REGRESSION DEFENSE MECHANISM
return to earlier, more developmentally secure stage
32
define DENIAL DEFENSE MECHANISM
unable to recognize event/emotions
33
define DISPLACEMENT DEFENSE MECHANISM
transfers emotions from something to something/someone else
34
define PROJECTION DEFENSE MECHANISM
blaming/rejects their own wrong thoughts/feelings & onto someone else
35
define COMPENSATION DEFENSE MECHANISM
make up deficiencies by excelling in 1 area; helps maintain self esteem
36
define UNDOING DEFENSE MECHANISM
symbolically cancels previous bad thought/action in an attempt to make up for something bad
37
define REACTION FORMATION DEFENSE MECHANISM
overcompensation; bad thoughts/feelings replaced with opposite feelings or thoughts when encountering subject of bad thoughts
38
define CONVERSION DEFENSE MECHANISM
converts unconscious feelings to physical symptoms
39
define DAYDREAMING DEFENSE MECHANISM
substitute for reality
40
define REPRESSION DEFENSE MECHANISM
unconsciously transfer bad feelings to unconscious which may resurface in dreams/behavior; done when feelings too strong & impair function
41
define WITHDRAWAL DEFENSE MECHANISM
stop communicating or physically remove themselves from situation
42
list the stages of Freud's stages of psychosexual development
1. oral
2. anal
3. phallic
4. latency
5. genital
43
describe the ORAL STAGE of Freud's psychosexual development
birth-18 months; oral erogenous area; infant separates self from environment @ end
44
describe the ANAL STAGE of Freud's psychosexual development
18 months-3yrs; split oral & anal erogenous areas; challenge of stage = toilet training
45
describe the PHALLIC STAGE of Freud's psychosexual development
3-6 yrs; genital erogenous area leading to masturbation, exhibitionism, & nudity; beginning of seuxal identity; challenge of stage = Oedipus/Electra complex
46
define the OEDIPUS COMPLEX
son attracted to mother; resolved by taking on father's characteristics
47
define the ELECTRA COMPLEX
daughter attracted to father; resolved by copying mother's role/characteristics
48
describe the LATENCY STAGE of Freud's psychosexual development
6-12 yrs; sexual urgers dormant to focus on intellect, sports, same-sex peer relationships
49
describe the GENITAL STAGE of Freud's psychosexual development
13-20 yrs; puberty awakens sexual urge & begin relationships w/opposite sex
50
what is the psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson broadened Freud's personality theory
51
What are the stages of the psychosocial theory?
1. trust vs mistrust
2. autonomy vs shame & doubt
3. initiative vs guilt
4. industry vs inferiority
5. Identity vs role confusion
6. intimacy vs isolation
7. generativity vs stagnation
8. ego integrity vs despair
52
describe the TRUST VS MISTRUST STAGE of psychosocial theory
birth-18 months; develop trust in family & world; depends on response of caregiver
53
describe the AUTONOMY VS SHAME & DOUBT stage of psychosocial theory
18 months - 3 yrs; gain self control via self tasks
54
describe the INITIATIVE VS GUILT stage of psychosocial theory
3-5yrs; develop purpose & ability to initiate & direct activities/interests
55
describe the INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY stage of psychosocial theory
6-12 yrs; learning, competition, performing, recognition, & build peer relationships; success leads to self confidence
56
describe the IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION stage of psychosocial theory
13-28 yrs; integrate tasks from previous stage to form secure sens of identity
57
describe the INTIMACY VS ISOLATION stage of psychosocial theory
19-39 yrs; form lasting relationships
58
describe the GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION stage of psychosocial theory
40-65 yrs; achieve life goals & foster future generations
59
describe the EGO INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR stage of psychosocial theory
65 yrs-death; review life events & meaning; success = death w/dignity & failure = feelings of despair & worthlessness
60
what is Piaget's theory?
theory of intellectual development; involves 3 organization concepts & 4 stages
61
What are the 3 concepts of Piaget's theory
Schema, Assimilation, & Accommodation
62
define SCHEMA
patterns consisting of # of ideas that grow w/experience & act as guide
63
define ASSIMILATION
ability to absorb new info into existing schemas
64
define ACCOMMODATION
new experiences that don't assimilate into existing schemas cause schemas to change & merge w/new info
65
what are the 4 stages of Piaget's theory
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
66
describe the SENSORIMOTOR stage of Piaget's theory
birth-2 yrs; separate self from environment; begin object permanence
67
define object permanence
understanding that object still exists even if not visible
68
describe the PREOPERATIONAL stage of Piaget's theory (list some characteristics)
2-6 yrs; increase language use, symbolic gestures, object permanence; egocentrism; animistic thinking; centration/centering; lack of concentration & struggle w/reversability
69
define egocentrism
inability to consider other ppl's perspectives
70
define animistic thinking
inanimate objects have feelings/motives
71
define centration/centering
tendency to focus on 1 aspect of something seen
72
define concentration
ability to follow viewed transformations
73
describe CONCRETE OPERATIONAL stage of Piaget's theory
6-12 yrs; begin logic, understand reversibility & spatiality; differentiate & classify
74
describe the FORMAL OPERATIONAL stage of Piaget's theory
12-15 yrs; abstract & hypothetical logic, scientific reasoning & problem solving, reach cognitive maturity & metacognition
75
define metacognition
think about thinking
76
what stage was added to Piaget's theory by LaBouvie-Vief?
Postformal
77
describe the later added "POSTFORMAL" stage of Piaget's theory
+15 yrs; better @ abstract, cause & effect predictions, analogies/metaphors; entertain what ifs; pick solutions based on context
78
what is Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory
challenges Piaget's theory; suggests that cognitive development is through social interaction & not inherent
79
Vygotsky's theory consists of 2 concepts. What were they?
scaffolding & zone of proximal development
80
define SCAFFOLDING
helping a child by instruction or provision of resources
81
define ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD)
level a child can learn w/help; the more a child does a task, the scaffolding will be removed forming a new ZPD
82
what is the Human Needs Theory?
created by Abraham Maslow; certain needs to be met before other things can happen (hierarchy of needs)
83
List the hierarchy of needs from the human needs theory from the bottom up
1. physiological
2. safety
3. belonging
4. self esteem
5. self actualization
84
define ecological theory
assign traits & behaviors based on environment
85
define ETHOLOGICAL THEORY
assign traits & behaviors based on biology
86
define SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
created by Bandura; people's reaction to reward stem from own perception, thoughts, & motivations because people watch & imitate others
87
define OPERANT CONDITIONING
created by Skinner; behavior repeated when reinforced & over time reinforcements are removed
88
define CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
created by Pavlov; behaviors are associated w/emotional response
89
what is the Theory of Moral Development?
Kohlberg expands Piaget's theory; morals are developed w/logic; 3 stages
90
what are the 3 stages of Theory of Moral Development?
1. preconventional
2. conventional
3. postconventional
91
describe the PRECONVENTIONAL stage of the theory of moral development?
4-10 yrs; Punishment & obedience + instrumental relativist orientation
92
define instrumental relativist orientation
motivation from egocentrism & self concern
93
describe the CONVENTIONAL stage of the theory of moral development?
10-13 yrs; interpersonal concordance + law & order orientation
94
define interpersonal concordance
motivated by expectations of others, approval, & acceptance (based on desire to be perceived good/bad)
95
describe POSTCONVENTIONAL stage of the theory of moral developmental
+14; social contract legalistic orientation + universal ethical principle orientation
96
define social contract legalistic orientation
motivated by respect for universal laws & morals
97
define universal ethical principle orientation
motivated by internalized principles; conscious behavior
98
what is Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development
believed women developed differently than men & were more focused on the group; same 3 concepts as Kohlberg
99
what are the 3 stages of Gilligan's Moral theory & describe them
1. preconventional: self-centered
2. conventional: interest & concern for others
3. postconventional: socially responsible
