ALL extra cards (8.21)

Question 1

lipids are (full/devoid) of water

Answer 1

devoid

Question 2

the anion gap is used clinically for what purpose

Answer 2

to estimate [ ] of anions that are NOT routinely measured

Question 3

the Swan & Pitts exp summary

Answer 3

• add a lot of H
• pH drops a little
• means buffering system exists

Question 4

name them: carbonic vs bicarbonate

Answer 4

carbonic: 2
bi: HC03-

Question 5

types of transport in gut epithelial cell

Answer 5

uni, sym, antiport

Question 6

CON of TEM

Answer 6

cannot examine living cells

Question 7

ex of each

• uni
• sym
• anti

Answer 7

uni Na channel

sym Na/glucose

anti Na/K

Question 8

ECM component

why

Answer 8

fibrous proteins like collagen

resist stretching

Question 9

function of laminin

Answer 9

attach epithelia to basal lamina

Question 10

Do all eukaryotic proteins have a methionine on their amino terminus?

why

Answer 10

NO

methionine is often removed from N (start) terminus

Question 11

Clathrin function

Dynamin function

Answer 11

C = shape membrane into coated pit

D = causes coated pit to pinch off to form coated vesicle

Question 12

name the 3 main pathways for exocytosis

-give ex for 2 and 3

Answer 12

1) signal mediated diversion to lysosome

2) regulated secretary pathway (Golgi products in vesicles are released rapidly)
ex: insulin release

3) constitutive secretory pathway (NO VESICLES, just discharged at cell surface)
ex: production of plasma membrane

Question 13

purpose of clathrin coated vesicle

Answer 13

1) endocytose things from cell surface

2) move material from Golgi to various destinations

Question 14

peroxisome function

Answer 14

1) enzyme produces hydrogen peroxide

2) catalase breaks down excess HP

Question 15

peroxisomes are plentiful in what organ

why

Answer 15

liver

detoxify

Question 16

In 1, glucose breaks down into its comp

In 2, acetyl coA enters CAC

In 3, ETC exists

Protons are pumped from 4 to 5 so that ATP ends up in 6

Answer 16

1 - cytosol

2 - matrix

3 - IM

4 - matrix
5 - IM

6 - matrix

Question 17

what enzyme contains polypeptides coded by mito AND nuclear DNA

Answer 17

ATP synthase

Question 18

mitochondrial genes are (maternally/paternally) inherited

Answer 18

m

Question 19

mismatch repair mec is involved in the cancer of “” and “”

Answer 19

colon

rectum

Question 20

large proteins require the nuclear localization signal in order to enter by (passive/active) transport

Answer 20

active

Question 21

large proteins require the “ in order to enter by active transport

Answer 21

nuclear localization signal

Question 22

what are the 3 types of spindle MT

each function?

Answer 22

1) aster: pull APART the POLES
2) interpolar: PUSH the POLES apart
3) kinteochore: PULL chromosomes to POLES

Question 23

necrosis

• when does it occur
• mec

apoptosis

• when does it occur (2)
• mec

main dif bt the two

Answer 23

N

• cells are damaged
• cells swell, burst, and cause inflammatory response

A

• embryo development; cancer treatment
• programmed cell death

apoptosis = no inf response

Question 24

signal recognition protein

• function
• what if dysfunctional

Answer 24

• traffics proteins FROM ribosome to RER

- proteins accumulate in cytosol

Question 25

which type of muscle is intercalated disc located on

Answer 25

cardiac muscle

Question 26

purpose of desmin

Answer 26

regulates sarcomere architecture

Question 27

Purkinje fiber is found where; purpose

Answer 27

cardiac muscle AV node -> impulse -> ventricle

Question 28

actin, IMF, MT list out examples of IMF

Answer 28

IMF - keratin - desmin - laminin

Question 29

five zones of epiphyseal plate

Answer 29

resting, proliferative, hypertrophy, calcification, ossification

Question 30

which myelinating cell ONLY provides myelination to ONE axon

Answer 30

Schwann

Question 31

what channels are involved in cardiac SA node AP's

Answer 31

HCN | Ca

Question 32

Protein misfolding occurs in what diseases (list all of them)

Answer 32

Alzheimer's C-Jacob's Huntington's

Question 33

tRNA relies on an enzyme called function of enzyme

Answer 33

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase combines tRNA with its AA

Question 34

In cerebrum, there are 6 layers which layers do you need to know and name them

Answer 34

1 - molecular 3 - pyramidal 5 - pyramidal

Question 35

what cells look like fried eggs

Answer 35

ganglion

Question 36

HUGE cells that are a combo of 3 - what is it

Answer 36

peripheral nerve

Question 37

actin IMF MT diameter sizes are

Answer 37

``` a = 7NM i = 10NM m = 24NM ```

Question 38

dif bt post and co translational entry

Answer 38

co - proteins go to ER

Question 39

list out the post translation covalent modifications

Answer 39

1) phos of 3 2) hydroxylation of proline/lysine (say hy to the pro-lyse) 3) ubiquination 4) glycosylation

Question 40

kinase does what

Answer 40

carries out phosphorylation

Question 41

when permeability of an ion increases, Vm ("") Em of that ion

Answer 41

GOES TOWARD

Question 42

Eca Ena Ecl Ek

Answer 42

``` Ca = 120 Na = 60 Cl = -70 K = -90 ```

Question 43

CNS have long lasting afterhyp BC long plateau phase in heart exists BC of Pacemaker cell is intrinisically automatic bc

Answer 43

1 - Ca activated K channels 2 - Ca 3 - HCN channels (non-selective cation channels)

Question 44

alpha Amanitin toxin inhibits what RNA polymerase #?

Answer 44

2

Question 45

sense strand direction

Answer 45

SS: 5' to 3'

Question 46

T/F: normal method of skeletal muscle contraction is tetanus

Answer 46

True

Question 47

name one way to make AP fuse (instead of remaining separate)

Answer 47

get rid of ball and chain

Question 48

Do Number 10 on Zimmerman PS

Answer 48

-

Question 49

a block of Na channels causes a (up/down) of threshold

Answer 49

up