Altered Neuronal Transmission

Question 1

It provide neurons with metabolic support and protection

Answer 1

supporting cells

Question 2

is the fundamental unit of the nervous system; it has highly specialized functions in impulse transmission

Answer 2

The Neuron

Question 3

The nervous system is composed of:

Answer 3

▫️CNS (brain and spinal chord)

▫️PNS (spinal and cranial nerves; somatic and autonomic [SNS and PNS] nervous system)

Question 4

Nervous tissue of the CNS is composed of both:

Answer 4

▫️ white and gray matter

Question 5

It provides protective and metabolic functions in the CNS:

Answer 5

▫️meningis (dura, arachnoid, pila)

▫️CSF

Question 6

The spinal nerves are categorized based on their relationship with spinal vertebrae:

Answer 6

▫️cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 7

Autonomic functions are carried out by:

Answer 7

▫️SNS and PNS

Question 8

contributes to disability and is the basis for a variety of neurologic disorders.

Answer 8

Neuronal injury

Question 9

the most common cause of injury to the nervous system, leading to neurologic impairment because of brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerve injury.

Answer 9

Trauma

Question 10

It may represent primary or secondary causes of neurologic impairment

Answer 10

▫️Ischemic
▫️excitation
▫️pressure injury

Question 11

is a group of disorders resulting from damage to upper motor neurons with symptoms appearing during the first few years of life.

Answer 11

Cerebral Palsy

Question 12

Astrocytes

Answer 12

supporting cell that provide structural support and regulate gases and metabolites in interstitial fluid. Blood brain barrier

Question 13

Supporting cells in __ (CNS) and ___ (PNS) Myelination

Answer 13

▫️oligodendocytes

▫️Schwann cells

Question 14

supporting cells for phagocytosis

Answer 14

Microglia (CNS)

Question 15

supporting cells that line ventricular system to produce, monitor, and circulate CSF

Answer 15

▫️Epebdymal (CNS)

Question 16

supporting cells for structural support. Help to support cell body they surround it like a helmet.

Answer 16

Satellite (PNS)

Question 17

in the spinal cord, ____ - efferent motor neurons leaving cord

Answer 17

Ventral horn

Question 18

in the Spinal Cord, ____ - sensory neurons receiving afferent impulses goes in

Answer 18

Dorsal horn

Question 19

What are the CNS protection?

Answer 19

▫️cerebrovascular circulation
      🔺capillaries, circle of Willis, blood brain barrier
▫️blood-brain barrier
▫️cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      🔺cushion, provision of nutrients

Question 20

Peripheral Nervous System Organization?

Answer 20

▫️Somatic
🔺motor and sensory impulses between the CNS and the periphery (cranial nerves and spinal nerves)
▫️Autonomic (SNS and PNS)

Question 21

Mechanism of Neuronal Injury:

Answer 21

1. Traumatic
2. Ischemic
3. Excitation
4. Pressure

Question 22

Damage to neurons results from the following processes:

Answer 22

▫️chromatolysis
▫️atrophy
▫️neuronophagia
▫️intraneuronal inclusions

Question 23

is a type of neuron injury: neuronal swelling causing NT death

Answer 23

Chromatolysis

Question 24

a type of neuron injury: decrease in size (could be from dehydration or lack of O2 where shrinking occurs to reduce workload)

Answer 24

▫️atrophy

Question 25

a type of neuron injury: phagocytosis and inflammatory responses caused by a dead neuron damaging neighboring cells ➡️ use of microglial cells

Answer 25

▫️neuronophagia

Question 26

type of injury to neuron: distinct structures formed within nucleus or cytoplasm ex. lead, proteins

Answer 26

▫️intraneuronal inclusions

Question 27

CNS cellular response to injury:

Answer 27

``` ▫️astrogliosis ▫️microglial nodules ▫️axonal degeneration ▫️axonal regeneration ▫️neuropathy ▫️demyelination ```

Question 28

___ increased number of astrocytes causing glial scarring affecting sorround neuronal functioning

Answer 28

▫️Astrogliosis

Question 29

is a “nodule-like” clustering of microglial cells around dead/dying neuronal cells

Answer 29

▫️Microglial nodules

Question 30

is caused by delayed nerve conduction and sensory perception

Answer 30

Neuropathy

Question 31

Closed head injuries:

Answer 31

▫️concussion | ▫️contusion

Question 32

a closed head injury: usually from blow to the head (blunt force trauma) disrupting neurological function and causing LOC

Answer 32

Concussion

Question 33

is a closed head injury: mov’t of brain w/n cranium causes widespread neuronal damage due to bruising Whiplash (frontal and occipital bruising of brain)

Answer 33

Contusion

Question 34

Open head injuries - Skull fructures:

Answer 34

▫️compound ▫️depressed ▫️basilar

Question 35

Brain structure (dura, meninges, brain tissue) exposed to environment, possible embedding of bone into brain tissue (high risk of infection)

Answer 35

▫️compound (a type of open head injury)

Question 36

Skull is displaced below level of skull, compressing brain tissue (Affects pressure on brain and blood vessels)

Answer 36

Depressed (a type of open head injury)

Question 37

fracture at base of skull (often accompanied by loss of CSF through ears/nose)

Answer 37

Basilar (a type of open head injuries)

Question 38

Traumatic CNS injuries to Spinal Cord Is usually the result of fractures, contusions, or compression of vertebrae typically due to falls, violent sports or activities, MVA. Most common sites of injury are:

Answer 38

▫️C5-C7, T12, and L1

Question 39

occurs when there is inadequate perfusion to neurologic tissue, resulting in impaired oxygenation.

Answer 39

Ischemic CNS injury

Question 40

Focal vs global Ischemia

Answer 40

▫️focal ischemia in the brain is confined to a specific brain region (ei due to stroke or local hemorrhage)while ▫️global ischemia includes larger areas of brain tissue (due to cardiac arrest or significant hemorrhage)

Question 41

Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves can occur because of the:

Answer 41

▫️crushing or cutting of the neurons

Question 42

damage to peripheral nerves from traumatic injury manifests with sensory symptoms:

Answer 42

▫️numbness ▫️paresthesia ▫️pain

Question 43

when nerve trauma is limited to single area, condition such as nerve entrapment and compression may contribute to impaired functional response 🔺typically due to crushing or cutting of neurons, usually in small area

Answer 43

Mononeuropathy

Question 44

Peripheral nerve damage involving multiple axons is known as ____ 🔺generally occur secondary to disease process such as multiple sclerosis, DMII, nutrient deficiency, and toxic agents (arsenic)

Answer 44

▫️polyneuropathy

Question 45

Pressure on PNS injuries are caused by direct pressure on nerves, or by localized edema. ex ____

Answer 45

▫️carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 46

Peripheral nervous system motor dysfunction may be the result of peripheral nerve injury that alters reflex circuits. Many causes such as:

Answer 46

▫️Neuro muscular junction (NMJ) Abnormalities ▫️damage in skeletal muscle fibres ▫️SCI (Spinal Cord injury) damaging the corticospinal system or spinal nerve roots ▫️NT excess or deficiencies

Question 47

PNS motor dysfunction: Movement disorder

Answer 47

``` ▫️ataxia ▫️athetosis ▫️ballismus ▫️bradykinesia/hypokinesia ▫️chorea ▫️Cogwell ▫️Dystonia ▫️hyperkinesis ▫️Tic ▫️Tremor ```

Question 48

Neurological Disorders:

Answer 48

1. Seizure Spectrum disorder 2. Cerebral palsy 3. Multiple sclerosis 4. Hydrocephalus 5. Incomplete Spinal Cord Transection 6. Parkinson’s Disease 7. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 8. Myasthenia Gravis 9. Huntington’s Disease

Question 49

Generalized seizures:

Answer 49

``` ▫️absence ▫️myoclonic ▫️tonic ▫️tonic-clonic ▫️Atonic ```

Question 50

Focal seizures:

Answer 50

▫️simple partial ▫️complex partial ▫️partial seizure w secondary generalisation