Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology for PN > Altered Perfusion > Flashcards

Altered Perfusion Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NCLEX-PN® flashcards
1
Q

Forcing blood or other fluid to flow through a vessel and into the vascular bed tissue to provide oxygen

A

Perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the requirements for effective perfusion?

A 
▫️adequate ventilation and diffusion
▫️intact pulmonary circulation 
▫️adequate blood volume and components 
▫️adequate cardiac output
▫️intact cardiac control center and receptors 
▫️intact parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems 
▫️intact cardiac circulation 
▫️intact coronary circulation 
▫️intact systemic circulation 
▫️adequate tissue uptake of oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The inability to adequately oxygenate tissue at the capillary level

A

Altered Perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Factors that could alter perfusion include:

A

▫️ventilation-perfusion mismatching
▫️impaired circulation
▫️inadequate cardiac output
▫️excessive perfusion demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A condition of circulatory failure and impaired perfusion of vital organs- often equated with hypotension

A

Shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ineffective cardiac pumping

A

Cardiogenic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

decreased blood volume

A

Hypovolemic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sources of impaired perfusion by massive systemic vasodilation:

A

▫️septic shock - infection
▫️neurogenic shock - lack of SNS from brain or spinal cord injury
▫️anaphylactic shock - large release of histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Shock manifestations

A

▫️tachycardia, tachypnea
▫️cool, clammy extremities with poor peripheral pulses
▫️decreased arterial blood pressure (a late sign indicative of decompensation)
▫️cyanosis and/or pallor
▫️restlessness, apprehension, decreased mental function
▫️poor urinary output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Occurs when the body is unable to maintain homeostasis with the compensations mechanisms

A

Decompensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypertension- Manifestation

A

▫️often asymptomatic
▫️when advanced, causes CNS changes;
▫️CV changes
- pulmonary edema

▫️renal insufficiency

 - poor urinary output
 - problems with eliminating urinary waste
 - hematuria
 - proteinuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypertension when advanced, causes CNS changes;

A 
▫️headache 
▫️new-onset blurred vision 
▫️confusion 
▫️mental status changes 
▫️fatigue 
▫️nausea
▫️weakness
▫️vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Risk factors of hypertension

A 
▫️family history of hypertension 
▫️diabetes mellitus
▫️excessive dietary sodium intake 
▫️excessive alcohol intake 
▫️gender
▫️aging
▫️obesity 
▫️smoking
▫️sedentary lifestyle 
▫️race
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Classification of High blood pressure in adults

A

systolic Diastolic
Stage 1 140-159 90-99
Stage 2 150-179 100-109
Stage 3 180 or > 110 or >

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the causes of Altered Perfusion?

A
  1. Perfusion ventilation mismatch
  2. Impaired circulation
  3. Inadequate cardiac output
  4. Excessive perfusion demand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ventilation perfusion mismatch would lead to:

A
  1. Respiratory disease

2. Pulmonary embolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Impaired circulation would cause:

A
  1. Hemorrhage
  2. Obstruction or disruptions in blood flow
  3. Inadequate blood composition or volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

An inadequate cardiac output will lead to:

A
  1. Inadequate blood composition or volume
  2. Impaired ventricular pumping
  3. Structural defects
  4. Excessive peripheral vascular resistance
  5. Conduction defects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Excessive perfusion demands can cause:

A
  1. Prolonged exertion
  2. Metabolic exertion
  3. anemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

General manifestations of Altered perfusion:

A

▫️cyanosis, pain, pallor, coolness, edema, shortness of breath, impaired growth, tachycardia, tachypnea and fatigue
▫️hypotension and hypertension
▫️bleeding, bruising
▫️heart murmur

21
Q

Application of the concepts of Altered Perfusion:

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Shock
  3. Arterio-, arteriolo- and athero-sclerosis
  4. Aneurysms
  5. Varicose veins
  6. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
  7. MI (includes Angina)
  8. HF (LHF; RHF)
  9. Stroke
  10. DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
22
Q

degenerative loss of elasticity, thickening, hardening and calcification of the walls of arteries and arterioles
🔺cause of ⬆️ BP

A

Arterio And arteriolo-sclerosis

23
Q

Presence of fatty plaques causing thickening inside the walls of large and medium arteries (aorta, iliac, coronary, carotid) particularly at points of bifurcation

A

Atherosclerosis

24
Q

▫️localized dilation or out-pouching of a vessel wall
▫️typically caused by atherosclerosis, hypertension, congenital weakness in vessel walls, trauma, infections (e.g. syphilis)

A

Aneurysm

25
Q

▫️distended, bulging and tortuous (winding) superficial or deep veins
▫️mostly found in legs but also in esophagus or rectum

A

Varicose veins

26
Q

development of a thrombus in a vein - common cause of pulmonary embolisms

A

Thrombophlebitis or DVT

27
Q

total occlusion of one or more coronary arteries resulting in ischemia and death of MI
- atherosclerosis is most common cause

A

MI

28
Q

MI manifestation:

A 
▫️gender variability
▫️chest pain or a crushing pressure, often radiating to the left arms, shoulder, or jaw
▫️fatigue, weakness, syncope, anxiety
▫️dizziness, shortness of breath
▫️sweating, pallor
▫️indigestion
▫️nausea, vomiting
29
Q

reflects an inadequacy of heart pumping such that the heart fails to maintain the circulation of blood

A

HF

30
Q

▫️congestion of peripheral tissues
⬇️
Dependent GI tract. Liver
Edema Congestion. Congestion
and as cites. ⬇️. ⬇️
anorexia, GI. signs related to
distress, wt loss. Impaired liver
function

A

Right Heart Failure

31
Q

Right sided heart failure

A

Causes: infarction of right ventricle, pulmonary valve stenosis, pulmonary disease (cor pulmonale)

32
Q

Causes : infarction of left ventricle, aortic valve stenosis, hypertension, hyperthyroidism

A

Left sided CHF

33
Q

▫️Any clinical event that leads to the impairment of cerebral circulation
▫️leads to inflammation, ischemia, death of neurons ➡️ characterized as death of brain tissue due to loss of blood supply; scar tissue and loss of function are left behind as neurons cannot regenerate

A

Stroke

34
Q

Fatty plaque or blood clot (embolism) breaks away and flows to brain where it blocks artery

A

▫️Embolic Stroke

35
Q

Blood clot (thrombus) blocks flow of blood in brain.

A

thrombotic stroke

36
Q

Break in blood vessels (aneurysm) in brain

A

Cerebral hemorrhage

37
Q

uncontrolled activation of clotting factors resulting in widespread thrombi formation, followed by depletion of coagulation factors and platelets leading to massive hemorrhage

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

38
Q

Hereditary bleeding disorder (X-linked) causing deficiency or absence of clotting factor VIII

A

Hemophilia A

39
Q

is caused in a reduction in O2 delivery to the tissues due to a decrease in hemoglobin content

A

Anemia’s

40
Q

Major causes of Anemia:

A

▫️inadequate iron intake or high iron demands
▫️chronic hemorrhage
▫️iron malabsorption

41
Q

4 main categories of anemia:

A
  1. Iron deficiency anemia
  2. Pernicious Anemia- vit B12 deficiency
  3. Aplastic Anemia
  4. Hemolytic Anemia
42
Q

An Anemia caused by decreased dietary intake, malabsorption, blood loss

A

Iron deficiency anemia

43
Q

A type of anemia caused by deficit of intrinsic factor owing immune reaction

A

Pernicious Anemia

44
Q

A type of Anemia that is caused by bone marrow damage or failure
▫️add’l effect: excessive bleeding and multiple infections

A

Aplastic Anemia

45
Q

Is a recessive inheritance Anemia

A

Sickle cell anemia

46
Q

Consists of group of neoplastic disorder involving the WBC’s

A

▫️Leukemia

47
Q

4 types of leukaemias:

A
  1. Acute lymphocytic leukaemia
    • affects B-cells
  2. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
    • affects B-cells
  3. Acute myelogenous leukemia
    • affects RBC, platelets, non-lymphocytic WBCs
  4. Chronic myelogenous leukemia
    • affects RBC, platelets, non-lymphocytic WBCs
48
Q

Manifestations of leukemia:

A 
▫️Anemia 
▫️Bruising
▫️bleeding 
▫️bone pain
▫️weight loss
▫️fever
▫️headache/vomiting

Pathophysiology for PN (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions