Anatomy Basics

Question 1

List the TEN systems of the human body.

Answer 1

1. Integumentary
2. Muscular
3. Skeletal
4. Cardiovascular
5. Respiratory
6. Digestive
7. Urinary
8. Nervous
9. Endocrine
10. Reproductive

These systems work together to ensure the body functions properly.

Question 2

Which system is responsible for movement?

Answer 2

The muscular system

Muscles contract and relax to enable movement.

Question 3

How does the integumentary system protect the body?

Answer 3

• Acts as a barrier against microbes.
• Regulates temperature.
• Contains sensory organs.

The skin, hair, and nails form this system.

Question 4

List THREE functions of the skeletal system.

Answer 4

1. Provides structure.
2. Protects vital organs.
3. Produces blood cells.

The 206 bones in the body play essential roles in movement and protection.

Question 5

True or False:

The heart is divided into four chambers.

Answer 5

True

The heart has two atria and two ventricles.

Question 6

Define:

orthostatic hypotension

Answer 6

A sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up.

This occurs due to reduced arterial elasticity.

Question 7

Which system processes food for nourishment?

Answer 7

The digestive system

This system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

Question 8

What is the role of the small intestine in digestion?

Answer 8

Absorbs nutrients from food.

It is the main site of nutrient absorption.

Question 9

How does the liver aid in digestion?

Answer 9

It produces bile to break down fats.

The liver also filters blood and plays a role in clotting.

Question 10

How does the digestive system change with age?

Answer 10

• Decreased saliva production.
• Slower digestion.

This can lead to dry mouth, weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies.

Question 11

What is the function of the kidneys?

Answer 11

They filter waste and excess fluid from the blood.

The kidneys help maintain the body’s fluid balance.

Question 12

What are neurons?

Answer 12

Specialized nerve cells that send and receive signals.

Neurons form the basis of the nervous system.

Question 13

What is the main reproductive organ in males?

Answer 13

Testes

The testes produce sperm and hormones.

Question 14

What is the effect of aging on the reproductive system?

Answer 14

• Women stop menstruating.
• Men produce fewer sperm.

Menopause occurs in women, while men experience a gradual decline in reproductive function.

Question 15

What are the primary functions of the reproductive system?

Answer 15

• Produce sex cells
• Enable reproduction

This system ensures species survival.

Question 16

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 16

To circulate blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients.

The heart and blood vessels form this system.

Question 17

How does aging affect the cardiovascular system?

Answer 17

Blood vessels lose elasticity, increasing blood pressure.

This can lead to heart disease and circulation issues.

Question 18

Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood?

Answer 18

Arteries

The aorta is the largest artery in the body.

Question 19

How does the skin regulate body temperature?

Answer 19

By sweating and adjusting blood vessel diameter.

Sweat glands help cool the body.

Question 20

List TWO skin changes due to aging.

Answer 20

1. Decreased elasticity
2. Reduced oil production

Older adults may experience dryness and increased fragility.

Question 21

Which muscle type is under voluntary control?

Answer 21

Skeletal muscles

These muscles allow conscious movement.

Question 22

What are involuntary muscles?

Answer 22

Muscles that contract automatically without conscious control.

Examples include the heart and digestive muscles.

Question 23

Fill in the blank:

The _____ is the body’s largest organ.

Answer 23

skin

It serves as a protective barrier.

Question 24

What is the function of sensory receptors in the skin?

Answer 24

They detect:

• Touch
• Pain
• Temperature

These receptors help protect the body from harm.

Question 25

Which is the **largest bone** in the human body?

Answer 25

The femur ## Footnote The femur connects the hip to the knee.

Question 26

# Fill in the blank: The **smallest bones** in the body are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?

Answer 26

ossicles ## Footnote These bones are found in the ear.

Question 27

# Define: ligaments

Answer 27

Connective tissues that **link bones together**. ## Footnote Ligaments provide stability to joints.

Question 28

# True or False: The heart pumps blood **through veins** to the body.

Answer 28

False ## Footnote Veins return blood to the heart, while arteries carry it away.

Question 29

How do veins **differ from arteries**?

Answer 29

Veins have **thinner walls**. ## Footnote Veins are thinner than arteries because they carry blood under less pressure. As the veins get closer to the heart, they become larger in diameter.

Question 30

# Define: capillaries

Answer 30

Tiny blood vessels that **connect the arteries to the veins**. ## Footnote Capillaries are so small that red blood cells, visible only through a microscope, have to squeeze through them.

Question 31

What is the function of **platelets**.

Answer 31

Help blood clot. ## Footnote Platelets prevent excessive bleeding when injuries occur.

Question 32

What is the function of **white blood cells**?

Answer 32

Fight infections and **protect against disease**. ## Footnote They are part of the immune system.

Question 33

What is the function of **red blood cells**?

Answer 33

**Carry oxygen** throughout the body. ## Footnote They contain hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen.

Question 34

List the FOUR **components of the urinary** system?

Answer 34

1. Kidneys 1. Ureters 1. Bladder 1. Urethra ## Footnote These organs work together to remove waste.

Question 35

What is the effect of **aging** on the **urinary system**?

Answer 35

* Reduced kidney efficiency. * Bladder muscle weakness. ## Footnote This can lead to increased urinary infections and incontinence.

Question 36

Which organ is responsible for **producing insulin**?

Answer 36

The pancreas ## Footnote Insulin regulates blood sugar levels.

Question 37

# Fill in the blank: The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ **carry eggs** from the ovaries to the uterus.

Answer 37

fallopian tubes ## Footnote These tubes provide a pathway for fertilization.

Question 38

Which organ **stores bile**?

Answer 38

The gallbladder ## Footnote Bile aids in fat digestion.

Question 39

What is the purpose of the **spinal cord**?

Answer 39

To **transmit signals** between the brain and body. ## Footnote The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae.

Question 40

# Define: metabolism

Answer 40

The **rate** at which the body **converts food into energy**.

Question 41

# Fill in the blank: The \_\_\_\_\_\_ gland **controls metabolism**.

Answer 41

thyroid ## Footnote The thyroid regulates how the body converts food into energy.

Question 42

What role do the **adrenal glands** play?

Answer 42

* Control salt, potassium, and water balance. * Influence heart function. ## Footnote These glands sit atop the kidneys. They constrict blood vessels and make the heart pump faster.

Question 43

Which organ is responsible for **filtering toxins** from the blood?

Answer 43

The liver ## Footnote The liver also plays a role in digestion and metabolism.

Question 44

List TWO functions of the **nervous system**.

Answer 44

1. Coordinates body responses. 1. Processes sensory information. ## Footnote This system allows interaction with the environment.

Question 45

# True or False: The nervous system consists of the **brain**, **spinal cord**, and **nerves**.

Answer 45

True ## Footnote These components work together to process and transmit information.

Question 46

What is the main function of the **respiratory system**?

Answer 46

To **exchange gases**, bringing in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. ## Footnote This occurs in the lungs.

Question 47

# True or False: The lungs **remove oxygen** from the body.

Answer 47

False ## Footnote The lungs absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

Question 48

What is the function of the **alveoli**?

Answer 48

Exchange **oxygen and carbon dioxide**. ## Footnote Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs.

Question 49

What does the **endocrine system regulate**?

Answer 49

* Hormones * Bodily functions ## Footnote This system controls growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Question 50

Which is the **master gland** of the endocrine system?

Answer 50

The pituitary gland ## Footnote It regulates other glands and hormone production.

Question 51

Which gland regulates **sleep-wake cycles**?

Answer 51

The pineal gland ## Footnote It produces melatonin, which influences sleep patterns.

Question 52

What is the purpose of the **synovial fluid in joints**?

Answer 52

Reduces friction and **cushions movement**. ## Footnote It keeps joints functioning smoothly.

Question 53

What happens to **bone density with age**?

Answer 53

**It decreases**, increasing the risk of fractures. ## Footnote Calcium absorption declines over time.