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Biology 112 > Animal Development - Chapter 47 > Flashcards

Animal Development - Chapter 47 Flashcards

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1
Q

Classical embryology

A

description of development in model organisms

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2
Q

induction

A

one type of tissue influences the development of another tissue

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3
Q

Development Stages

A

Fertilization

Early Cleavages

Blastula (hollow ball of cells)

Gastrulation (forms the gastrula)

Organogenesis (formation of organs)

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4
Q

Ectoderm

A

epidermis, nervous system

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5
Q

Mesoderm

A

skeleton muscles

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

digestive, reporductive

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7
Q

Underlying mechanisms of organogenesis

A

Organosgenesis are localized changes

cell migration

cell signaling between different tissues

cell shape changes genrating new organs

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8
Q

Cell movement

A

reorganize cytoskeleton

microtubules and microfilaments (actin)

(cells crawl using the cytoskeleton fibers to extend (extension) and retract (convergence) extensions

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9
Q

Amniotes

A

reptiles

birds

mammals

all have a way of developing in “watery” environments

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10
Q

4 extraembryonic membranes of amniotes

A

evolved as adaptation to terrestrial envroniment

Amnion

Chorion

Allantosis

Yolk Sac

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11
Q

Amnion

A

protects embryo in a sac

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12
Q

Chorion

A

lines the inner surface of the shell (which is permeable to gases) and participates in exchange of O2 and Co between embryo and outside air

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13
Q

Allantosis

A

stores metabolic wastes (mostly uric acid) of the embryo and as it grows larger, also participates in gas exchange

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14
Q

Yolk Sac

A

contains yolk - the sole source of food until hatching

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15
Q

Placental mammal development

A

cleavage in oviduct produces blastocyst

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16
Q

Placenta

A

produces progesterone beginning in the 2nd trimester (as hCG declines and corpus luteum atrophies)

(no direct connection between maternal and fetal blood vessels)

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17
Q

Human fetal development

A

zygote -> embryo (>2cells) -> fetus (8 weeks)

positive feedback in labor

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18
Q

3 stages of labor

A
  1. dilation of cervix
  2. expulsion - delivery
  3. delivery of placenta
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19
Q

Teratogenesis

A

environment causes a developmental abnormality

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20
Q

description of development in model organisms

A

Classical embryology

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21
Q

one type of tissue influences the development of another tissue

A

induction

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22
Q

Fertilization

Early Cleavages

Blastula (hollow ball of cells)

Gastrulation (forms the gastrula)

Organogenesis (formation of organs)

A

Development Stages

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23
Q

epidermis, nervous system

A

Ectoderm

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24
Q

skeleton muscles

A

Mesoderm

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25
digestive, reporductive
Endoderm
26
Organosgenesis are localized changes cell migration cell signaling between different tissues cell shape changes genrating new organs
Underlying mechanisms of organogenesis
27
reorganize cytoskeleton microtubules and microfilaments (actin) (cells crawl using the cytoskeleton fibers to extend (extension) and retract (convergence) extensions
Cell movement
28
reptiles birds mammals all have a way of developing in "watery" environments
Amniotes
29
evolved as adaptation to terrestrial envroniment Amnion Chorion Allantosis Yolk Sac
4 extraembryonic membranes of amniotes
30
protects embryo in a sac
Amnion
31
lines the inner surface of the shell (which is permeable to gases) and participates in exchange of O2 and Co between embryo and outside air
Chorion
32
stores metabolic wastes (mostly uric acid) of the embryo and as it grows larger, also participates in gas exchange
Allantosis
33
contains yolk - the sole source of food until hatching
Yolk Sac
34
cleavage in oviduct produces blastocyst
Placental mammal development
35
produces progesterone beginning in the 2nd trimester (as hCG declines and corpus luteum atrophies) (no direct connection between maternal and fetal blood vessels)
Placenta
36
zygote -\> embryo (\>2cells) -\> fetus (8 weeks) positive feedback in labor
Human fetal development
37
1. dilation of cervix 2. expulsion - delivery 3. delivery of placenta
3 stages of labor
38
environment causes a developmental abnormality
Teratogenesis
39
Acrosomal reaction
the acrosome releases hydrolytic enzymes that make a hole in the jelly coat of the egg. The acrosomal process forms. This trigger changes the membrane potential of the egg because sodium ions diffuse into the egg and cause depolarization.
40
When does the cortical reaction in sea urchins occur?
within seconds of the sperm entering the egg.
41
Ion released from the ER and how it affects the cortical granules Cortical Granules
calcium it causes the cortical granules to fuse with the plasma membrane this triggers the formation of a fertilzation membrane by lfting the vitelline layer away from the egg and hardents it into a fertilzation membrane slow block to polyspermy
42
evidence that mRNA needed to produce enzymes involved in very early development are already in the egg before fertilization
even when the nucleus has been removed, artificial activaiton is still possible
43
Where in the egg's meiotic cycle does fertilzation occur in humans? in sea urchins?
metaphase II (12-36 hours after sperm binding) completed meiosis (90 minutes after sperm binding)
44
Cleavage
rapid cell divisions no substantial growth
45
Vegetal pole
yolk most concentrated at this end
46
Meroblastic cleavage (bird) holoblastic cleavage (frog and sea urchin)
so much yolk that the cleavage furrow does not entirely pass through cleavage furrow passes entirely through the egg
47
Unique cleavage in insects like Drosophila
sperm and egg fuse within a yolk mass and multiple rounds of mitosis occurs without cytokinesis
48
Blastula blastocoel
hollow ball of cells fluid-filled cavity surrounded by the blastula
49
gastrula gastrulation
germ layered embryo forms reorganizing the blastula into the gastrula
50
archenteron blastopore
tube formed from shallow depresson open end of archenteron
51
yolk plug
formed from leftovers in creating the dorsal lip of the blastopore - vegetal pole
52
organogenesis
formation of organs
53
how germ layers form
epiblast cells migrate towards the midline of the blastoderm, detach, and move inward
54
notochord
rod that extends along the dorsal side of the chordate embryo
55
neural tube
runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo, formed form the neural plate
56
somites
blocks formed froms cells migrating together. along the length of the notochord
57
embryonic evidence for a segmented body plan in the chordates
cells arise by division
58
specializaiton of cells duirng development
differentiation
59
Bilateral symmetry
symmetry dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior axes, and right-left
60
how is this basic body plan established early in development in non-mammalian species?
during oogenesis (animal-vegetal poles determine symmetry) animal pole is the point of sperm entry, cortical reaction at fertilization determines dorsal-ventral axis
61
basic body plan established early in mammals?
no polarity, might have to do with orientation
62
Developmental potential
range of structures that cells can give rise to
63
Totipotent
cell can develop into any structure of that animal
64
the acrosome releases hydrolytic enzymes that make a hole in the jelly coat of the egg. The acrosomal process forms. This trigger changes the membrane potential of the egg because sodium ions diffuse into the egg and cause depolarization.
Acrosomal reaction
65
within seconds of the sperm entering the egg.
When does the cortical reaction in sea urchins occur?
66
calcium it causes the cortical granules to fuse with the plasma membrane this triggers the formation of a fertilzation membrane by lfting the vitelline layer away from the egg and hardents it into a fertilzation membrane slow block to polyspermy
Ion released from the ER and how it affects the cortical granules Cortical Granules
67
even when the nucleus has been removed, artificial activaiton is still possible
evidence that mRNA needed to produce enzymes involved in very early development are already in the egg before fertilization
68
metaphase II (12-36 hours after sperm binding) completed meiosis (90 minutes after sperm binding)
Where in the egg's meiotic cycle does fertilzation occur in humans? in sea urchins?
69
rapid cell divisions no substantial growth
Cleavage
70
yolk most concentrated at this end
Vegetal pole
71
so much yolk that the cleavage furrow does not entirely pass through cleavage furrow passes entirely through the egg
Meroblastic cleavage (bird) holoblastic cleavage (frog and sea urchin)
72
sperm and egg fuse within a yolk mass and multiple rounds of mitosis occurs without cytokinesis
Unique cleavage in insects like Drosophila
73
hollow ball of cells fluid-filled cavity surrounded by the blastula
Blastula blastocoel
74
germ layered embryo forms reorganizing the blastula into the gastrula
gastrula gastrulation
75
tube formed from shallow depresson open end of archenteron
archenteron blastopore
76
formed from leftovers in creating the dorsal lip of the blastopore - vegetal pole
yolk plug
77
formation of organs
organogenesis
78
epiblast cells migrate towards the midline of the blastoderm, detach, and move inward
how germ layers form
79
rod that extends along the dorsal side of the chordate embryo
notochord
80
runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo, formed form the neural plate
neural tube
81
blocks formed froms cells migrating together. along the length of the notochord
somites
82
cells arise by division
embryonic evidence for a segmented body plan in the chordates
83
differentiation
specializaiton of cells duirng development
84
symmetry dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior axes, and right-left
Bilateral symmetry
85
during oogenesis (animal-vegetal poles determine symmetry) animal pole is the point of sperm entry, cortical reaction at fertilization determines dorsal-ventral axis
how is this basic body plan established early in development in non-mammalian species?
86
no polarity, might have to do with orientation
basic body plan established early in mammals?
87
range of structures that cells can give rise to
Developmental potential
88
cell can develop into any structure of that animal
Totipotent

Biology 112 (17 decks)

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