Chapter 26

Question 1

Biological discipline concerned primarily with constructing phylogenies?

Answer 1

systematics

Question 2

How are scientific names written?

Answer 2

italics

Genus is capitalized, specific epithet is not

ex. Panthera pardus

Question 3

What does it mean to say that biological classificaiton is hierarchical?

Answer 3

It has increasingly inclusive categories

Question 4

Taxonomic Cateogories

Answer 4

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 5

Taxon (plural, taxa)

Answer 5

the taxonomic unit at any level that is being referred to

Question 6

What does it mean when a tree is rooted?

Answer 6

a tree that has a branch point that represents a common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree

Question 7

Basal Taxon

Answer 7

a lineage that diverged early in the group (lies on branch that originates near common ancestor of the group)

Question 8

Polytomy

Answer 8

a branch point that has more than 2 lineages

Question 9

Cladistics

Answer 9

an approach to systematics where common ancestry is main criterion used to classify organism

Question 10

Clade

Answer 10

grouping of an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 11

monophyletic clade

Answer 11

equivalent to taxon, includes all descendants

Question 12

shared derived character

Answer 12

characteristic unique to clade

most important for defining clades

ex. in mammals, hair

Question 13

shared ancestral character

Answer 13

characteristic found in common ancestor of taxon

ex. in mammals, backbone

Question 14

Gene duplicaiton

Answer 14

when a gene duplicates, it provides more genes which provide more opportunities for evolutionary change

Question 15

molecular clock

Answer 15

a way of measuring the time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes evolve at constant rates

wealknesses: some mutations are favored and estimates going beyond time period are highly uncertain because it’s assuming the rate of change is constant

Question 16

Principle of Parsimony

Answer 16

using the simplest explanation to make a phylogenetic tree

Question 17

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 17

genes are transferred from one genome to another. allowed organisms to transfer genes to each other that would not otherwise be present.

confused interpretation of early life because some say gene transfer has been occuring for a long time, so evolutionary history should be represented as a tangled network, while others say it should be a ring.

Question 18

systematics

Answer 18

Biological discipline concerned primarily with constructing phylogenies?

Question 19

italics

Genus is capitalized, specific epithet is not

ex. Panthera pardus

Answer 19

How are scientific names written?

Question 20

It has increasingly inclusive categories

Answer 20

What does it mean to say that biological classificaiton is hierarchical?

Question 21

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Answer 21

Taxonomic Cateogories

Question 22

the taxonomic unit at any level that is being referred to

Answer 22

Taxon (plural, taxa)

Question 23

a tree that has a branch point that represents a common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree

Answer 23

What does it mean when a tree is rooted?

Question 24

a lineage that diverged early in the group (lies on branch that originates near common ancestor of the group)

Answer 24

Basal Taxon

Question 25

a branch point that has more than 2 lineages

Answer 25

Polytomy

Question 26

an approach to systematics where common ancestry is main criterion used to classify organism

Answer 26

Cladistics

Question 27

grouping of an ancestral species and all its descendants

Answer 27

Clade

Question 28

equivalent to taxon, includes all descendants

Answer 28

monophyletic clade

Question 29

characteristic unique to clade

most important for defining clades

ex. in mammals, hair

Answer 29

shared derived character

Question 30

characteristic found in common ancestor of taxon

ex. in mammals, backbone

Answer 30

shared ancestral character

Question 31

when a gene duplicates, it provides more genes which provide more opportunities for evolutionary change

Answer 31

Gene duplicaiton

Question 32

a way of measuring the time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes evolve at constant rates

wealknesses: some mutations are favored and estimates going beyond time period are highly uncertain because it’s assuming the rate of change is constant

Answer 32

molecular clock

Question 33

using the simplest explanation to make a phylogenetic tree

Answer 33

Principle of Parsimony

Question 34

genes are transferred from one genome to another. allowed organisms to transfer genes to each other that would not otherwise be present.

confused interpretation of early life because some say gene transfer has been occuring for a long time, so evolutionary history should be represented as a tangled network, while others say it should be a ring.

Answer 34

Horizontal gene transfer