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Biology 112 > Chapter 46 > Flashcards

Chapter 46 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A

fission, budding, parthenogesis

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2
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

(lizards)

egss develop w/o fertilization

happens when environmental conditions are good (sexual reproduciton happens if they’re not)

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3
Q

Asexual Reproduction

Positives

A
  • no partner needed
  • no “sharing offspring (more own genes in next gen)
  • easier to colonize new location
  • if enironment constant and favorable, genetically-identical offspring well-suited to environment
  • produce many offspring quicly
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4
Q

Asexual Reproduction

Negatives

A
  • if environment is variable in space or time, lack of variation in offspring is disadvantageous
  • an “evolutionary dead-end” if there is no way to introduce genetic variation
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5
Q

Origins of Sexual Reproduction

A

no one really knows why it evolved

likely evolved in the pre-cambrian era

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6
Q

Sexual Reproduction

Positives

A
  • offspring genetically diverse
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7
Q

Sexual Reproduction

Negatives

A
  • variation not advantageous if environment is good and constant
  • need partner
  • “share” offspring (only 50% of genes)
  • Harder to colonize new location
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8
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

both male and female

earthworms

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9
Q

SRY Gene

A

codes for a transcription factor that up-regulates regulatory genes controlling formation of testes and production of testosterone

(determines if male)

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10
Q

Gameotogenesis

A

formation of gametes

gametes are produced by meiosis (produces haploid cells)

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11
Q

FSH and LH

Hormone

A

Target

Testes or Ovaries

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12
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid

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13
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenal Cortex

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14
Q

Prolactin

A

Mammary glands

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15
Q

MSH

A

melanocytes

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16
Q

GH

A

Liver, bones, and other tissues

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17
Q

Hypothalamus (sequence)

A

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus -> portal vessels -> hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones -> endocrine cells of anterior posterior -> pituitary hormones -> different hormones

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18
Q

Steroid Hormones (lipids)

A

Estradiol, Testosterone

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19
Q

Endocrine disruptors

A

Hormonally active molecules in the environment

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20
Q

Antagonists

A

block the function of a hormone

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21
Q

DDE

A

from the metabolic breakdown of the pesticide DDT

binds to and blocks androgen receptors

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22
Q

Vinclozolin

A
  • fungicide used on grapes in vineyards
  • androgen antagonist
  • reduces sperm production
  • produces malformed genitalia
  • transgenrational effect
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23
Q

Blocking of transcpription

A

methylation of DNA

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24
Q

Epigenetic inheritance

A

change in the control of gene expression is passes to next generation

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25
Q

Oogenesis

A

formation of eggs

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26
Q

DES (diesthylstilbestrol)

A

mimics estradiol

prescribed to maintain at-risk pregnancies

caused genital abnormalities and cancer in women exposed in utero

is an obesigen

represses Hoxa10 gene

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27
Q

Atrazine

A
  • increase in hormone synthesis
  • herbicide increases estrogen synthesis
  • converts testosterone to estrogen = chemical
  • one of the most widely used agricultural pesticides in U.S. to control broadleaf and weeds
  • used primarily on corn, sorghum, and sugarcane, midwest most
  • used to a lesser extent on residential lawns mostly FL, and SE
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28
Q

BPA

A
  • makes individual more sensitive to natural hormones
  • induces the production of receptors for estrogen
  • affects methylation patterns
  • Bispheonl A
  • everywhere
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29
Q

fission, budding, parthenogesis

A

Types of asexual reproduction

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30
Q

(lizards)

egss develop w/o fertilization

happens when environmental conditions are good (sexual reproduciton happens if they’re not)

A

Parthenogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • no partner needed
  • no “sharing offspring (more own genes in next gen)
  • easier to colonize new location
  • if enironment constant and favorable, genetically-identical offspring well-suited to environment
  • produce many offspring quicly
A

Asexual Reproduction

Positives

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1
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2
3
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32
Q
  • if environment is variable in space or time, lack of variation in offspring is disadvantageous
  • an “evolutionary dead-end” if there is no way to introduce genetic variation
A

Asexual Reproduction

Negatives

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33
Q

no one really knows why it evolved

likely evolved in the pre-cambrian era

A

Origins of Sexual Reproduction

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34
Q
  • offspring genetically diverse
A

Sexual Reproduction

Positives

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35
Q
  • variation not advantageous if environment is good and constant
  • need partner
  • “share” offspring (only 50% of genes)
  • Harder to colonize new location
A

Sexual Reproduction

Negatives

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36
Q

both male and female

earthworms

A

Hermaphrodites

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37
Q

codes for a transcription factor that up-regulates regulatory genes controlling formation of testes and production of testosterone

(determines if male)

A

SRY Gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

formation of gametes

gametes are produced by meiosis (produces haploid cells)

A

Gameotogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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39
Q

Target

Testes or Ovaries

A

FSH and LH

Hormone

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40
Q

Thyroid

A

TSH

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41
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

ACTH

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42
Q

Mammary glands

A

Prolactin

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43
Q

melanocytes

A

MSH

44
Q

Liver, bones, and other tissues

A

GH

45
Q

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus -> portal vessels -> hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones -> endocrine cells of anterior posterior -> pituitary hormones -> different hormones

A

Hypothalamus (sequence)

46
Q

Estradiol, Testosterone

A

Steroid Hormones (lipids)

47
Q

Hormonally active molecules in the environment

A

Endocrine disruptors

48
Q

block the function of a hormone

A

Antagonists

49
Q

from the metabolic breakdown of the pesticide DDT

binds to and blocks androgen receptors

A

DDE

50
Q
  • fungicide used on grapes in vineyards
  • androgen antagonist
  • reduces sperm production
  • produces malformed genitalia
  • transgenrational effect
A

Vinclozolin

51
Q

methylation of DNA

A

Blocking of transcpription

52
Q

change in the control of gene expression is passes to next generation

A

Epigenetic inheritance

53
Q

formation of eggs

A

Oogenesis

54
Q

mimics estradiol

prescribed to maintain at-risk pregnancies

caused genital abnormalities and cancer in women exposed in utero

is an obesigen

represses Hoxa10 gene

A

DES (diesthylstilbestrol)

55
Q
  • increase in hormone synthesis
  • herbicide increases estrogen synthesis
  • converts testosterone to estrogen = chemical
  • one of the most widely used agricultural pesticides in U.S. to control broadleaf and weeds
  • used primarily on corn, sorghum, and sugarcane, midwest most
  • used to a lesser extent on residential lawns mostly FL, and SE
A

Atrazine

56
Q
  • makes individual more sensitive to natural hormones
  • induces the production of receptors for estrogen
  • affects methylation patterns
  • Bispheonl A
  • everywhere
A

BPA

57
Q

Gonad

A

produce gametes

most sexually reproducing species have them, but not all

58
Q

Spermatheca

A

hold sperm

59
Q

Follicle

What

When

Connection to corpus luteum

A

contain an oocyte (partially developed egg)

found on outside of ovaries

formed in the embryo

the follicular tissue left after ovulation grows and produces the corpus luteum

60
Q

Endometrium

A

lining of the uterus

rich supply of blood vessels

where the developing embryo implants wtihin several days

61
Q

Time for sperm to pass through epididymis

Affect maturation?

A

3 weeks.

complete maturation and become motile

62
Q

In addition to sperm, what organs contribute fluids to the semen?

What is the function of their secretions?

A

mucus

fructose (energy for sperm)

coagulating enzyme (to keep sperm together at first)

citrate (nutrition)

anticoagulant enzyme (so they can swim separately)

ascorbic acid

local regulators (prostaglandin)

63
Q

Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

A
  • Spermatogenesis:
  • all 4 products of meiosis become mature gametes
  • occurs througout adolescence and adulthood
  • produces mature sperm from precursor cells in a continuous sequence
  • Oogenesis:
  • Cytokinesis in meiosis is unequal, almost all cytoplasm given to a single daughter cell (becomes egg)(smaller cells, polar bodies, degenerate)
  • Mitotic divisions complete at birth, production of mature gametes stops at 50.
  • long interruptions
64
Q

In sperm cell, function of acrosome and mitochondria

A

contains enzymes that help penetrate egg

provides ATP for movement of the tail

65
Q

Most important androgen

where produced

effects

A
66
Q

most common female hormons

when produced

where produced

A

LH, FSH, and estradiol produced just before ovulation

progesterone produced during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and during the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle

produced in the anterior posterior

67
Q

How female hormones exert effect

A

through the blood

68
Q

role of negative&positive feedback in oogenesis and ovulation

A

tells body when to stop and start production of GnRH. Also prevents another egg from being released

69
Q

Estradiol reach peak in menstrual cycle

A

just before ovulation

70
Q

Progesterone reach peak

A

in the luteal phase just after ovulation

71
Q

Effect of progesterone and estrogen on uterus?

A

develop and maintain the uterine lining

72
Q

What causes the menstrual flow?

A

the endometrium shedding due to nutrients being cut off, since there wasn’t fertilization hormone prodcution was stopped.

73
Q

Estrous Cycles

A

uterus reabsorbs endometrium (no period)

only mate during periods surrounding ovulation (heat)

74
Q

Role of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in production of androgens

A

located in the brain

the hypothalamus secretes GnRH -> anterior posterior secretes FSH and LH

FSH -> production of sertoli cells

LH -> prodcution of leydig cells

Sertoli cells -> inhibin and spermatogenesis

Leydig Cells -> testosterone -> spermatogenesis

testosterone is produced in the testes

75
Q

Clitoris and Penis

A

formed from the same embryonic tissues

both enlarge and fill with blood during excitement

76
Q

Fertilization normally occurs

A

in the oviduct

77
Q

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

A

horomone produced by the fetus that prevents its spontaneous abortion

78
Q

Placenta

A

the trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) grows outward and interacts with the endometrium

made up of both maternal and fetal tissue

disc-shaped

function: nutrients, immune-protection, exchange respiratory gases, disposes of metabolic wastes

79
Q

Trimester organs formed

A

first

80
Q

Two types of permanent surgical contraception

A

tubal ligation

vasectamy

81
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

mixing sperm and oocytes in dishes and then waiting til at least 8 cells form and injecting them back into the woman for implantation

82
Q

produce gametes

most sexually reproducing species have them, but not all

A

Gonad

83
Q

hold sperm

A

Spermatheca

84
Q

contain an oocyte (partially developed egg)

found on outside of ovaries

formed in the embryo

the follicular tissue left after ovulation grows and produces the corpus luteum

A

Follicle

What

When

Connection to corpus luteum

85
Q

lining of the uterus

rich supply of blood vessels

where the developing embryo implants wtihin several days

A

Endometrium

86
Q

3 weeks.

complete maturation and become motile

A

Time for sperm to pass through epididymis

Affect maturation?

87
Q

mucus

fructose (energy for sperm)

coagulating enzyme (to keep sperm together at first)

citrate (nutrition)

anticoagulant enzyme (so they can swim separately)

ascorbic acid

local regulators (prostaglandin)

A

In addition to sperm, what organs contribute fluids to the semen?

What is the function of their secretions?

88
Q
  • Spermatogenesis:
  • all 4 products of meiosis become mature gametes
  • occurs througout adolescence and adulthood
  • produces mature sperm from precursor cells in a continuous sequence
  • Oogenesis:
  • Cytokinesis in meiosis is unequal, almost all cytoplasm given to a single daughter cell (becomes egg)(smaller cells, polar bodies, degenerate)
  • Mitotic divisions complete at birth, production of mature gametes stops at 50.
  • long interruptions
A

Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

89
Q

contains enzymes that help penetrate egg

provides ATP for movement of the tail

A

In sperm cell, function of acrosome and mitochondria

90
Q
A

Most important androgen

where produced

effects

91
Q

LH, FSH, and estradiol produced just before ovulation

progesterone produced during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and during the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle

produced in the anterior posterior

A

most common female hormons

when produced

where produced

92
Q

through the blood

A

How female hormones exert effect

93
Q

tells body when to stop and start production of GnRH. Also prevents another egg from being released

A

role of negative&positive feedback in oogenesis and ovulation

94
Q

just before ovulation

A

Estradiol reach peak in menstrual cycle

95
Q

in the luteal phase just after ovulation

A

Progesterone reach peak

96
Q

develop and maintain the uterine lining

A

Effect of progesterone and estrogen on uterus?

97
Q

the endometrium shedding due to nutrients being cut off, since there wasn’t fertilization hormone prodcution was stopped.

A

What causes the menstrual flow?

98
Q

uterus reabsorbs endometrium (no period)

only mate during periods surrounding ovulation (heat)

A

Estrous Cycles

99
Q

located in the brain

the hypothalamus secretes GnRH -> anterior posterior secretes FSH and LH

FSH -> production of sertoli cells

LH -> prodcution of leydig cells

Sertoli cells -> inhibin and spermatogenesis

Leydig Cells -> testosterone -> spermatogenesis

testosterone is produced in the testes

A

Role of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in production of androgens

100
Q

formed from the same embryonic tissues

both enlarge and fill with blood during excitement

A

Clitoris and Penis

101
Q

in the oviduct

A

Fertilization normally occurs

102
Q

horomone produced by the fetus that prevents its spontaneous abortion

A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

103
Q

the trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) grows outward and interacts with the endometrium

made up of both maternal and fetal tissue

disc-shaped

function: nutrients, immune-protection, exchange respiratory gases, disposes of metabolic wastes

A

Placenta

104
Q

first

A

Trimester organs formed

105
Q

tubal ligation

vasectamy

A

Two types of permanent surgical contraception

106
Q

mixing sperm and oocytes in dishes and then waiting til at least 8 cells form and injecting them back into the woman for implantation

A

In vitro fertilization

Biology 112 (17 decks)

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