Chapter 46 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Types of asexual reproduction
A
fission, budding, parthenogesis
2
Q
Parthenogenesis
A
(lizards)
egss develop w/o fertilization
happens when environmental conditions are good (sexual reproduciton happens if they’re not)
3
Q
Asexual Reproduction
Positives
A
- no partner needed
- no “sharing offspring (more own genes in next gen)
- easier to colonize new location
- if enironment constant and favorable, genetically-identical offspring well-suited to environment
- produce many offspring quicly
4
Q
Asexual Reproduction
Negatives
A
- if environment is variable in space or time, lack of variation in offspring is disadvantageous
- an “evolutionary dead-end” if there is no way to introduce genetic variation
5
Q
Origins of Sexual Reproduction
A
no one really knows why it evolved
likely evolved in the pre-cambrian era
6
Q
Sexual Reproduction
Positives
A
- offspring genetically diverse
7
Q
Sexual Reproduction
Negatives
A
- variation not advantageous if environment is good and constant
- need partner
- “share” offspring (only 50% of genes)
- Harder to colonize new location
8
Q
Hermaphrodites
A
both male and female
earthworms
9
Q
SRY Gene
A
codes for a transcription factor that up-regulates regulatory genes controlling formation of testes and production of testosterone
(determines if male)
10
Q
Gameotogenesis
A
formation of gametes
gametes are produced by meiosis (produces haploid cells)
11
Q
FSH and LH
Hormone
A
Target
Testes or Ovaries
12
Q
TSH
A
Thyroid
13
Q
ACTH
A
Adrenal Cortex
14
Q
Prolactin
A
Mammary glands
15
Q
MSH
A
melanocytes
16
Q
GH
A
Liver, bones, and other tissues
17
Q
Hypothalamus (sequence)
A
Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus -> portal vessels -> hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones -> endocrine cells of anterior posterior -> pituitary hormones -> different hormones
18
Q
Steroid Hormones (lipids)
A
Estradiol, Testosterone
19
Q
Endocrine disruptors
A
Hormonally active molecules in the environment
20
Q
Antagonists
A
block the function of a hormone
21
Q
DDE
A
from the metabolic breakdown of the pesticide DDT
binds to and blocks androgen receptors
22
Q
Vinclozolin
A
- fungicide used on grapes in vineyards
- androgen antagonist
- reduces sperm production
- produces malformed genitalia
- transgenrational effect
23
Q
Blocking of transcpription
A
methylation of DNA
24
Q
Epigenetic inheritance
A
change in the control of gene expression is passes to next generation
25
Oogenesis
formation of eggs
26
DES (diesthylstilbestrol)
mimics estradiol
prescribed to maintain at-risk pregnancies
caused genital abnormalities and cancer in women exposed in utero
is an obesigen
represses Hoxa10 gene
27
Atrazine
* increase in hormone synthesis
* herbicide increases estrogen synthesis
* converts testosterone to estrogen = chemical
* one of the most widely used agricultural pesticides in U.S. to control broadleaf and weeds
* used primarily on corn, sorghum, and sugarcane, midwest most
* used to a lesser extent on residential lawns mostly FL, and SE
28
BPA
* makes individual more sensitive to natural hormones
* induces the production of receptors for estrogen
* affects methylation patterns
* Bispheonl A
* everywhere
29
fission, budding, parthenogesis
Types of asexual reproduction
30
(lizards)
egss develop w/o fertilization
happens when environmental conditions are good (sexual reproduciton happens if they're not)
Parthenogenesis
31
* no partner needed
* no "sharing offspring (more own genes in next gen)
* easier to colonize new location
* if enironment constant and favorable, genetically-identical offspring well-suited to environment
* produce many offspring quicly
Asexual Reproduction
Positives
32
* if environment is variable in space or time, lack of variation in offspring is disadvantageous
* an "evolutionary dead-end" if there is no way to introduce genetic variation
Asexual Reproduction
Negatives
33
no one really knows why it evolved
likely evolved in the pre-cambrian era
Origins of Sexual Reproduction
34
* offspring genetically diverse
Sexual Reproduction
Positives
35
* variation not advantageous if environment is good and constant
* need partner
* "share" offspring (only 50% of genes)
* Harder to colonize new location
Sexual Reproduction
Negatives
36
both male and female
earthworms
Hermaphrodites
37
codes for a transcription factor that up-regulates regulatory genes controlling formation of testes and production of testosterone
(determines if male)
SRY Gene
38
formation of gametes
gametes are produced by meiosis (produces haploid cells)
Gameotogenesis
39
Target
Testes or Ovaries
FSH and LH
Hormone
40
Thyroid
TSH
41
Adrenal Cortex
ACTH
42
Mammary glands
Prolactin
43
melanocytes
MSH
44
Liver, bones, and other tissues
GH
45
Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus -\> portal vessels -\> hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones -\> endocrine cells of anterior posterior -\> pituitary hormones -\> different hormones
Hypothalamus (sequence)
46
Estradiol, Testosterone
Steroid Hormones (lipids)
47
Hormonally active molecules in the environment
Endocrine disruptors
48
block the function of a hormone
Antagonists
49
from the metabolic breakdown of the pesticide DDT
binds to and blocks androgen receptors
DDE
50
* fungicide used on grapes in vineyards
* androgen antagonist
* reduces sperm production
* produces malformed genitalia
* transgenrational effect
Vinclozolin
51
methylation of DNA
Blocking of transcpription
52
change in the control of gene expression is passes to next generation
Epigenetic inheritance
53
formation of eggs
Oogenesis
54
mimics estradiol
prescribed to maintain at-risk pregnancies
caused genital abnormalities and cancer in women exposed in utero
is an obesigen
represses Hoxa10 gene
DES (diesthylstilbestrol)
55
* increase in hormone synthesis
* herbicide increases estrogen synthesis
* converts testosterone to estrogen = chemical
* one of the most widely used agricultural pesticides in U.S. to control broadleaf and weeds
* used primarily on corn, sorghum, and sugarcane, midwest most
* used to a lesser extent on residential lawns mostly FL, and SE
Atrazine
56
* makes individual more sensitive to natural hormones
* induces the production of receptors for estrogen
* affects methylation patterns
* Bispheonl A
* everywhere
BPA
57
Gonad
produce gametes
most sexually reproducing species have them, but not all
58
Spermatheca
hold sperm
59
Follicle
What
When
Connection to corpus luteum
contain an oocyte (partially developed egg)
found on outside of ovaries
formed in the embryo
the follicular tissue left after ovulation grows and produces the corpus luteum
60
Endometrium
lining of the uterus
rich supply of blood vessels
where the developing embryo implants wtihin several days
61
Time for sperm to pass through epididymis
Affect maturation?
3 weeks.
complete maturation and become motile
62
In addition to sperm, what organs contribute fluids to the semen?
What is the function of their secretions?
mucus
fructose (energy for sperm)
coagulating enzyme (to keep sperm together at first)
citrate (nutrition)
anticoagulant enzyme (so they can swim separately)
ascorbic acid
local regulators (prostaglandin)
63
Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis
* **Spermatogenesis:**
* all 4 products of meiosis become mature gametes
* occurs througout adolescence and adulthood
* produces mature sperm from precursor cells in a continuous sequence
* **Oogenesis:**
* Cytokinesis in meiosis is unequal, almost all cytoplasm given to a single daughter cell (becomes egg)(smaller cells, polar bodies, degenerate)
* Mitotic divisions complete at birth, production of mature gametes stops at 50.
* long interruptions
64
In sperm cell, function of acrosome and mitochondria
contains enzymes that help penetrate egg
provides ATP for movement of the tail
65
Most important androgen
where produced
effects
66
most common female hormons
when produced
where produced
LH, FSH, and estradiol produced just before ovulation
progesterone produced during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and during the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle
produced in the anterior posterior
67
How female hormones exert effect
through the blood
68
role of negative&positive feedback in oogenesis and ovulation
tells body when to stop and start production of GnRH. Also prevents another egg from being released
69
Estradiol reach peak in menstrual cycle
just before ovulation
70
Progesterone reach peak
in the luteal phase just after ovulation
71
Effect of progesterone and estrogen on uterus?
develop and maintain the uterine lining
72
What causes the menstrual flow?
the endometrium shedding due to nutrients being cut off, since there wasn't fertilization hormone prodcution was stopped.
73
Estrous Cycles
uterus reabsorbs endometrium (no period)
only mate during periods surrounding ovulation (heat)
74
Role of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in production of androgens
located in the brain
the hypothalamus secretes GnRH -\> anterior posterior secretes FSH and LH
FSH -\> production of sertoli cells
LH -\> prodcution of leydig cells
Sertoli cells -\> inhibin and spermatogenesis
Leydig Cells -\> testosterone -\> spermatogenesis
testosterone is produced in the testes
75
Clitoris and Penis
formed from the same embryonic tissues
both enlarge and fill with blood during excitement
76
Fertilization normally occurs
in the oviduct
77
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
horomone produced by the fetus that prevents its spontaneous abortion
78
Placenta
the trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) grows outward and interacts with the endometrium
made up of both maternal and fetal tissue
disc-shaped
function: nutrients, immune-protection, exchange respiratory gases, disposes of metabolic wastes
79
Trimester organs formed
first
80
Two types of permanent surgical contraception
tubal ligation
vasectamy
81
In vitro fertilization
mixing sperm and oocytes in dishes and then waiting til at least 8 cells form and injecting them back into the woman for implantation
82
produce gametes
most sexually reproducing species have them, but not all
Gonad
83
hold sperm
Spermatheca
84
contain an oocyte (partially developed egg)
found on outside of ovaries
formed in the embryo
the follicular tissue left after ovulation grows and produces the corpus luteum
Follicle
What
When
Connection to corpus luteum
85
lining of the uterus
rich supply of blood vessels
where the developing embryo implants wtihin several days
Endometrium
86
3 weeks.
complete maturation and become motile
Time for sperm to pass through epididymis
Affect maturation?
87
mucus
fructose (energy for sperm)
coagulating enzyme (to keep sperm together at first)
citrate (nutrition)
anticoagulant enzyme (so they can swim separately)
ascorbic acid
local regulators (prostaglandin)
In addition to sperm, what organs contribute fluids to the semen?
What is the function of their secretions?
88
* **Spermatogenesis:**
* all 4 products of meiosis become mature gametes
* occurs througout adolescence and adulthood
* produces mature sperm from precursor cells in a continuous sequence
* **Oogenesis:**
* Cytokinesis in meiosis is unequal, almost all cytoplasm given to a single daughter cell (becomes egg)(smaller cells, polar bodies, degenerate)
* Mitotic divisions complete at birth, production of mature gametes stops at 50.
* long interruptions
Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis
89
contains enzymes that help penetrate egg
provides ATP for movement of the tail
In sperm cell, function of acrosome and mitochondria
90
Most important androgen
where produced
effects
91
LH, FSH, and estradiol produced just before ovulation
progesterone produced during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and during the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle
produced in the anterior posterior
most common female hormons
when produced
where produced
92
through the blood
How female hormones exert effect
93
tells body when to stop and start production of GnRH. Also prevents another egg from being released
role of negative&positive feedback in oogenesis and ovulation
94
just before ovulation
Estradiol reach peak in menstrual cycle
95
in the luteal phase just after ovulation
Progesterone reach peak
96
develop and maintain the uterine lining
Effect of progesterone and estrogen on uterus?
97
the endometrium shedding due to nutrients being cut off, since there wasn't fertilization hormone prodcution was stopped.
What causes the menstrual flow?
98
uterus reabsorbs endometrium (no period)
only mate during periods surrounding ovulation (heat)
Estrous Cycles
99
located in the brain
the hypothalamus secretes GnRH -\> anterior posterior secretes FSH and LH
FSH -\> production of sertoli cells
LH -\> prodcution of leydig cells
Sertoli cells -\> inhibin and spermatogenesis
Leydig Cells -\> testosterone -\> spermatogenesis
testosterone is produced in the testes
Role of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary in production of androgens
100
formed from the same embryonic tissues
both enlarge and fill with blood during excitement
Clitoris and Penis
101
in the oviduct
Fertilization normally occurs
102
horomone produced by the fetus that prevents its spontaneous abortion
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
103
the trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) grows outward and interacts with the endometrium
made up of both maternal and fetal tissue
disc-shaped
function: nutrients, immune-protection, exchange respiratory gases, disposes of metabolic wastes
Placenta
104
first
Trimester organs formed
105
tubal ligation
vasectamy
Two types of permanent surgical contraception
106
mixing sperm and oocytes in dishes and then waiting til at least 8 cells form and injecting them back into the woman for implantation
In vitro fertilization
