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Biology 112 > Chapter 25/26 > Flashcards

Chapter 25/26 Flashcards

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1
Q

Phylogeny

A

an evololutionary tree

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2
Q

How is evolutionary history reconstructed?

A
  1. fossil record
  2. comparison of living species
  3. homologous traits
  4. analogous traits
  5. molecular comparisons
  6. geological time
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3
Q

homologous traits

A

similar because they wer inherited from a common ancestor

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4
Q

analogous traits

A

similar, but evolved independently

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5
Q

clade

A

a grouping that includes a common ancestor and its descendents on a phylogeny tree

forms a nested hierarchy

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6
Q

Eras

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

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7
Q

Precambrian Era

A

life arose sometime in this area - 3.5 bya oldest fossils

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8
Q

What is the earliest fossil?

A

prokaryote

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9
Q

What were the first cells?

A

protocells

have not been produced in a lab

they are droplets with membranes that have a different internal chemistry than their environment

clay greatly increases the rate of vesicle self-assembly

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10
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

explains mitochondria and chloroplasts

eukarote engulfing photosynthetic prokaryote.

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11
Q

Key evidence for endosymbiotic theory

A
  • inner membranes are similar to plasma membranes of prokaryotes
  • division is binary fission
  • thiese organelles have their own DNA (circular) and transcribe and translate it
  • their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes
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12
Q

cyanobacteria

A

photosynthesis adds oxygen to asmosphere

first organism to add oxygen to atmosphere

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13
Q

Eukaryotes

A

have a cytoskeleton

allows them to change shpae and engulf other cells (get food and digestion)

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14
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

sharing of genes from one cell to another

  1. most recent common ancestor of all living things
  2. between mitochondrial ancestor and ancestor of eukaryotes
  3. chlooplast ancestor and ancestor of green algae

happened a few times with different plastids

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15
Q

advantages of multicellularity

A

escape from predation, specialization of cells for increased efficiency

single-celled organisms stick together to form colonies

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16
Q

choanoflagellate colony

A

share common ancestor with animals, but didn’t become animals

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17
Q

unicellular choanoflagellates have the genes for:

A

collagen, structural proteins in animals

cell adhesion proteins hold cells together

cell communication proteins

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18
Q

Burgess Shale Fossils: Ediacaran Fauna (aquatic)

A

all common animals started here

(animals in the pre-cambrian period)

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19
Q

Paleozoic Era

Cambrian Period

A

Evolutionary innovations

gut with 2 openings (allows specialization, can take in more food)

complex nervious system (cephalization - development of head)

shells and exoskeletons (start to see armor)

fish (500mya), amphibians (450mya), reptiles (250mya)

ended with major extinction (90% of all species disappear

Pangea forms

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20
Q

Mesozoic period

A

“Age of Reptiles”

cone-bearing and flower-bearing plants co-evolved with insects

dinosaurs

homeothermy

vertebrate flight (convergent evolution)

ends with major extinction (50% of all species disappear)

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21
Q

Extinction of Mesozoic

A

meteorite 10 km across under water

iridium common in meteorites, but not on earth

extinction because a layer cloud of debris blocked sunlight and disrupted climate for several months

volcanic acitivity of Deccan Traps in India

spew lava and ash

CO2 warms the global climate

temp dif between poles and equator slow mixing of ocean water

drop in O2 levels in oceans

select for anaerobic bacteria that prodcue H2S

H2S is toxic and destroys ozone shield

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22
Q

Cenazoic

A

65mya-today

“Age of Mammals”

adaptive radiation

macroevolutionary changes

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23
Q

Adaptive radiation occurs when:

A

many vacant niches

major evolutionary innovation

colonized regions with little competition

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24
Q

Macroevolution

A

a pattern of evolution above the species level

big changes

ex: emergence of terrestrial vertebrates through a series of speciation events, impact of mass extinctions of the diversity of life, and the origin of key adaptatios (like flight in birds)

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25
Mechanisms of Macroevolutionary change
mutations that change the sequence and regulation of developmental genes Hox genes
26
Heterochrony
change the relative growth rate or time of different body parts during development can cause paedomorphosis
27
paedomorphosis
the sexually mature stage retains juvenile structures of an ancestral species
28
Evolution is not goal oriented
random mutations cause genetic diversity complex structures have evoved in increments from simpler versions that were of use to the organism (sometimes for the same function and sometimes for different functions)
29
exaptation
first used for a different purpose ex. feathers
30
Formation of eye
gradual changes can result in complex structureEach stage must provide advantage to organism
31
The Hox Genes
duplicate the gene use gene that controls spatial organization of body parts Homeotic (Hox) genes control identity of appendages by regulating other genes Idea: major changes in body form can be made by mutations in the regulation of developmental genes not their sequences
32
each branch point
represents the divergence of 2 species
33
sister taxa
groups that share an immediate common ancestor
34
outgroup
outlier of a common ancestor. relative. used to describe evolutionary relationships characters shared by the outgroup and ingroup are ancestral characters that predate the divergence of both groups froma common ancestor
35
stromatolites
3.5bya, still around layered rocks that from when certain prokaryotes bind think layers of sediment together
36
Miller-Urey type experiments
demonstrate abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible under various assumptions about the composition of the early earth
37
Nature of first genetic material and why
catalytic reactions of ribozymes formed RNA RNA molecules with certain base sequences are more stable and replicate with fewer errors than other sequences
38
Sedimentary rocks
formed from sand and mud that settled at the bottom of aquatic habitiats and are the richest source of fossils
39
How does radiometric dating work?
Isotypes of radioactive elecments slowly decay into other isotopes. The rate is measured in half-lives, which is the amount of time it takes for half of the parent isotope to decay. The amount of these elements remaining in a fossil can be used to determine how old the fossil is.
40
When did oxygen begin to accumulate in the atomosphere, what molecule produced it, what process?
2.7-2.3 bya gradually increased, water, photosynthesis
41
Cambrian Explosion
535-525 mya When many present-day animal phyla suddenly appeared in fossil form
42
What adaptations allowed plants to colonize
adaptations that made it possible to reproduce on land and prevent dehydration for plants, they have a vascular system for transporting materials internally and a waterproof coating of wax on their leaves to slow loss of water
43
What was the first group of animals to colonize land?
anthropods
44
What causes continental drift, when was the last supercontinent?
The continents are throught to float on the mantle, so when the mantle moves, it causes continental drift. about 250mya Pangea
45
an evololutionary tree
Phylogeny
46
1. fossil record 2. comparison of living species 3. homologous traits 4. analogous traits 5. molecular comparisons 6. geological time
How is evolutionary history reconstructed?
47
similar because they wer inherited from a common ancestor
homologous traits
48
similar, but evolved independently
analogous traits
49
a grouping that includes a common ancestor and its descendents on a phylogeny tree forms a nested hierarchy
clade
50
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic
Eras
51
life arose sometime in this area - 3.5 bya oldest fossils
Precambrian Era
52
prokaryote
What is the earliest fossil?
53
protocells have not been produced in a lab they are droplets with membranes that have a different internal chemistry than their environment clay greatly increases the rate of vesicle self-assembly
What were the first cells?
54
explains mitochondria and chloroplasts eukarote engulfing photosynthetic prokaryote.
endosymbiotic theory
55
* inner membranes are similar to plasma membranes of prokaryotes * division is binary fission * thiese organelles have their own DNA (circular) and transcribe and translate it * their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes
Key evidence for endosymbiotic theory
56
photosynthesis adds oxygen to asmosphere first organism to add oxygen to atmosphere
cyanobacteria
57
have a cytoskeleton allows them to change shpae and engulf other cells (get food and digestion)
Eukaryotes
58
sharing of genes from one cell to another 1. most recent common ancestor of all living things 2. between mitochondrial ancestor and ancestor of eukaryotes 3. chlooplast ancestor and ancestor of green algae happened a few times with different plastids
Horizontal gene transfer
59
escape from predation, specialization of cells for increased efficiency single-celled organisms stick together to form colonies
advantages of multicellularity
60
share common ancestor with animals, but didn't become animals
choanoflagellate colony
61
collagen, structural proteins in animals cell adhesion proteins hold cells together cell communication proteins
unicellular choanoflagellates have the genes for:
62
all common animals started here | (animals in the pre-cambrian period)
Burgess Shale Fossils: Ediacaran Fauna (aquatic)
63
Evolutionary innovations gut with 2 openings (allows specialization, can take in more food) complex nervious system (cephalization - development of head) shells and exoskeletons (start to see armor) fish (500mya), amphibians (450mya), reptiles (250mya) ended with major extinction (90% of all species disappear Pangea forms
Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period
64
"Age of Reptiles" cone-bearing and flower-bearing plants co-evolved with insects dinosaurs homeothermy vertebrate flight (convergent evolution) ends with major extinction (50% of all species disappear)
Mesozoic period
65
meteorite 10 km across under water iridium common in meteorites, but not on earth extinction because a layer cloud of debris blocked sunlight and disrupted climate for several months volcanic acitivity of Deccan Traps in India spew lava and ash CO2 warms the global climate temp dif between poles and equator slow mixing of ocean water drop in O2 levels in oceans select for anaerobic bacteria that prodcue H2S H2S is toxic and destroys ozone shield
Extinction of Mesozoic
66
65mya-today "Age of Mammals" adaptive radiation macroevolutionary changes
Cenazoic
67
many vacant niches major evolutionary innovation colonized regions with little competition
Adaptive radiation occurs when:
68
a pattern of evolution above the species level big changes ex: emergence of terrestrial vertebrates through a series of speciation events, impact of mass extinctions of the diversity of life, and the origin of key adaptatios (like flight in birds)
Macroevolution
69
mutations that change the sequence and regulation of developmental genes Hox genes
Mechanisms of Macroevolutionary change
70
change the relative growth rate or time of different body parts during development can cause paedomorphosis
Heterochrony
71
the sexually mature stage retains juvenile structures of an ancestral species
paedomorphosis
72
random mutations cause genetic diversity complex structures have evoved in increments from simpler versions that were of use to the organism (sometimes for the same function and sometimes for different functions)
Evolution is not goal oriented
73
first used for a different purpose ex. feathers
exaptation
74
gradual changes can result in complex structureEach stage must provide advantage to organism
Formation of eye
75
duplicate the gene use gene that controls spatial organization of body parts Homeotic (Hox) genes control identity of appendages by regulating other genes Idea: major changes in body form can be made by mutations in the regulation of developmental genes not their sequences
The Hox Genes
76
represents the divergence of 2 species
each branch point
77
groups that share an immediate common ancestor
sister taxa
78
outlier of a common ancestor. relative. used to describe evolutionary relationships characters shared by the outgroup and ingroup are ancestral characters that predate the divergence of both groups froma common ancestor
outgroup
79
3.5bya, still around layered rocks that from when certain prokaryotes bind think layers of sediment together
stromatolites
80
demonstrate abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible under various assumptions about the composition of the early earth
Miller-Urey type experiments
81
catalytic reactions of ribozymes formed RNA RNA molecules with certain base sequences are more stable and replicate with fewer errors than other sequences
Nature of first genetic material and why
82
formed from sand and mud that settled at the bottom of aquatic habitiats and are the richest source of fossils
Sedimentary rocks
83
Isotypes of radioactive elecments slowly decay into other isotopes. The rate is measured in half-lives, which is the amount of time it takes for half of the parent isotope to decay. The amount of these elements remaining in a fossil can be used to determine how old the fossil is.
How does radiometric dating work?
84
2.7-2.3 bya gradually increased, water, photosynthesis
When did oxygen begin to accumulate in the atomosphere, what molecule produced it, what process?
85
535-525 mya When many present-day animal phyla suddenly appeared in fossil form
Cambrian Explosion
86
adaptations that made it possible to reproduce on land and prevent dehydration for plants, they have a vascular system for transporting materials internally and a waterproof coating of wax on their leaves to slow loss of water
What adaptations allowed plants to colonize
87
anthropods
What was the first group of animals to colonize land?
88
The continents are throught to float on the mantle, so when the mantle moves, it causes continental drift. about 250mya Pangea
What causes continental drift, when was the last supercontinent?

Biology 112 (17 decks)

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