Chapter 38 and friends

Question 1

relationship between was Campsoscolia and orchid

Answer 1

parasitic

Question 2

angiosperms

Answer 2

flowering plants

Question 3

in plants, type of cell dividsion that produces gametes

Answer 3

mitosis

in animals, gametes are produced by meiosis

Question 4

alteration of generations

Answer 4

multicellular haploid and diploid generations take turns producing each other

sporophyte (2N) -> (meiosis) spores (N) -> (growth and mitosis) gametophyte (N) -> (Mitosis) Gametes ->Fertilization and growth -> sporophyte (2N)

Question 5

anther

Answer 5

end of the stamen

has sacs within it that produce pollen

Question 6

4 components of a complete flower

structure and function

Answer 6

sepals - reprodcutive (male), enclose and protect unopened floral buds, more leafy in appearance

petals - sterile, most brightly colored (advertise)

stamens - sterile

carpels - reproductive (female, has ovary (ovules), stulye,stigma (capture pollen) - pistil (collective term)

all attached to receptacle

Question 7

male gametophyte

origin and structure

Answer 7

pollen grain - consists of 2 haploid cells

generative cell

tube cell - pollen tube, delivers sperm to female gametophyte

and spore wall

pollen grain develops within the microsporangia (pollen sacs) of anthers at the tips of the stamens

microsporocyte (2N) -> (meiosis) 4 microspores (n) -> (Mitosis) 4 pollen grains (N)

male gametophyte develops inside anther

Question 8

female gametophyte

origin and structure

Answer 8

embryo sac

ovule becomes seed

develops in ovule (megasporangium)

megasporocyte (2N) -> (meiosis) 1 megaspore (really 4, but only 1 survives) -> (mitosis) embryo sac

Question 9

Pollination

Answer 9

transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

wind, water, animals

occurs when pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates.

Question 10

fate of each of the two sperm within a mature male gametophyte and how the sperm reach the ovule

Answer 10

one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming the zygote

the other sperm combines with the 2 polar nuclei of the embryo sac’s large central cell, forming a triploid cell that develops into the nutritive tissue called endosperm

the sperm reach the ovule by traveling down the pollen tube that forms when the pollen is germinated

Question 11

mature ovule

Answer 11

seed

Question 12

how does the endosperm end up with 3 sets of chromosomes and function

Answer 12

a sperm combines with 2 polar nuclei

food-stroing tissue of seed

Question 13

how do cotyledons develop and function

Answer 13

as bumps on the proembryo

absorb and store food from the endosperm

Question 14

part of flower develops into fruit

and function

Answer 14

the ovary

seed dsipersal, a part of it is edible and it entices an animal

Question 15

function of seed dormancy. first step in the germination of the seed

Answer 15

it increases advantageous conditions for the seed to germinate

imbibition - uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed

Question 16

two regions of undifferentiated tissue in plant

Answer 16

meristematic tissue (=to animal stem cells) (found in the Apical Meristem (tissue at top of plant covered by leaves) and lateral mersitem)

horizontal stems (stolons (runners) on top, rhizomes, underground) -this can produce large clones

asexual (vegetative) reproduction

Question 17

fragmentation

Answer 17

type of asexual reproduction

plant breaking apart at specific places

Question 18

Examples of alteration of generations (moss, ferns, angiosperms)

Answer 18

moss - gametophyte is most conspicuous stage (what you see)

ferns and angiosperms - sporophyte (2n) is more conspicuous, gametophyte is at base, gametophyte stage is very reduced

Question 19

monoecious

diocecious

Answer 19

parts of plant can be male or female

entire plant is male or female

Question 20

Fertilization in angiosperms

Answer 20

1. generative cell (haploid) within pollen grain divides by mitosis (2 sperm)
2. pollen tube grows, carrying 2 sperm
3. double feritilization

if the egg is fertilized, the ovule develops into seed and ovary into fruit.

Question 21

seed development

Answer 21

some or all the resources of the endosperm are diverted to cotyledons (monocots , corn, dicots - bean - both types of angiosperms)

Question 22

3 process of plant development

Answer 22

1. growth
2. differentiation
3. morphogenesis

Question 23

two components of plant growth

Answer 23

1. cell division
2. cell expansion (ezymatic cleavage allows cellulose fibers to spread and expand)

both canges tend to be in one direction

most size increase due to cell expansion

Question 24

cellular differentiation

Answer 24

determined by position rather than lineage

correlated with chemical gradients

Question 25

aukin

Answer 25

inhibits axillary buds (cut off top, no inhibiton of axillary buds)

Question 26

parasitic

Answer 26

relationship between was Campsoscolia and orchid

Question 27

flowering plants

Answer 27

angiosperms

Question 28

mitosis in animals, gametes are produced by meiosis

Answer 28

in plants, type of cell dividsion that produces gametes

Question 29

multicellular haploid and diploid generations take turns producing each other sporophyte (2N) -\> (meiosis) spores (N) -\> (growth and mitosis) gametophyte (N) -\> (Mitosis) Gametes -\>Fertilization and growth -\> sporophyte (2N)

Answer 29

alteration of generations

Question 30

end of the stamen has sacs within it that produce pollen

Answer 30

anther

Question 31

sepals - reprodcutive (male), enclose and protect unopened floral buds, more leafy in appearance petals - sterile, most brightly colored (advertise) stamens - sterile carpels - reproductive (female, has ovary (ovules), stulye,stigma (capture pollen) - pistil (collective term) all attached to receptacle

Answer 31

4 components of a complete flower structure and function

Question 32

pollen grain - consists of 2 haploid cells generative cell tube cell - pollen tube, delivers sperm to female gametophyte and spore wall pollen grain develops within the microsporangia (pollen sacs) of anthers at the tips of the stamens microsporocyte (2N) -\> (meiosis) 4 microspores (n) -\> (Mitosis) 4 pollen grains (N) male gametophyte develops inside anther

Answer 32

male gametophyte origin and structure

Question 33

embryo sac ovule becomes seed develops in ovule (megasporangium) megasporocyte (2N) -\> (meiosis) 1 megaspore (really 4, but only 1 survives) -\> (mitosis) embryo sac

Answer 33

female gametophyte origin and structure

Question 34

transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma wind, water, animals occurs when pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates.

Answer 34

Pollination

Question 35

one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming the zygote the other sperm combines with the 2 polar nuclei of the embryo sac's large central cell, forming a triploid cell that develops into the nutritive tissue called endosperm the sperm reach the ovule by traveling down the pollen tube that forms when the pollen is germinated

Answer 35

fate of each of the two sperm within a mature male gametophyte and how the sperm reach the ovule

Question 36

seed

Answer 36

mature ovule

Question 37

a sperm combines with 2 polar nuclei food-stroing tissue of seed

Answer 37

how does the endosperm end up with 3 sets of chromosomes and function

Question 38

as bumps on the proembryo absorb and store food from the endosperm

Answer 38

how do cotyledons develop and function

Question 39

the ovary seed dsipersal, a part of it is edible and it entices an animal

Answer 39

part of flower develops into fruit and function

Question 40

it increases advantageous conditions for the seed to germinate imbibition - uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed

Answer 40

function of seed dormancy. first step in the germination of the seed

Question 41

meristematic tissue (=to animal stem cells) (found in the Apical Meristem (tissue at top of plant covered by leaves) and lateral mersitem) horizontal stems (stolons (runners) on top, rhizomes, underground) -this can produce large clones asexual (vegetative) reproduction

Answer 41

two regions of undifferentiated tissue in plant

Question 42

type of asexual reproduction plant breaking apart at specific places

Answer 42

fragmentation

Question 43

moss - gametophyte is most conspicuous stage (what you see) ferns and angiosperms - sporophyte (2n) is more conspicuous, gametophyte is at base, gametophyte stage is very reduced

Answer 43

Examples of alteration of generations (moss, ferns, angiosperms)

Question 44

parts of plant can be male or female entire plant is male or female

Answer 44

monoecious diocecious

Question 45

1. generative cell (haploid) within pollen grain divides by mitosis (2 sperm) 2. pollen tube grows, carrying 2 sperm 3. double feritilization if the egg is fertilized, the ovule develops into seed and ovary into fruit.

Answer 45

Fertilization in angiosperms

Question 46

some or all the resources of the endosperm are diverted to cotyledons (monocots , corn, dicots - bean - both types of angiosperms)

Answer 46

seed development

Question 47

1. growth 2. differentiation 3. morphogenesis

Answer 47

3 process of plant development

Question 48

1. cell division 2. cell expansion (ezymatic cleavage allows cellulose fibers to spread and expand) both canges tend to be in one direction most size increase due to cell expansion

Answer 48

two components of plant growth

Question 49

determined by position rather than lineage correlated with chemical gradients

Answer 49

cellular differentiation

Question 50

inhibits axillary buds (cut off top, no inhibiton of axillary buds)

Answer 50

aukin