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Biology 112 > Chapter 38 and friends > Flashcards

Chapter 38 and friends Flashcards

1
Q

relationship between was Campsoscolia and orchid

A

parasitic

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2
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants

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3
Q

in plants, type of cell dividsion that produces gametes

A

mitosis

in animals, gametes are produced by meiosis

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4
Q

alteration of generations

A

multicellular haploid and diploid generations take turns producing each other

sporophyte (2N) -> (meiosis) spores (N) -> (growth and mitosis) gametophyte (N) -> (Mitosis) Gametes ->Fertilization and growth -> sporophyte (2N)

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5
Q

anther

A

end of the stamen

has sacs within it that produce pollen

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6
Q

4 components of a complete flower

structure and function

A

sepals - reprodcutive (male), enclose and protect unopened floral buds, more leafy in appearance

petals - sterile, most brightly colored (advertise)

stamens - sterile

carpels - reproductive (female, has ovary (ovules), stulye,stigma (capture pollen) - pistil (collective term)

all attached to receptacle

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7
Q

male gametophyte

origin and structure

A

pollen grain - consists of 2 haploid cells

generative cell

tube cell - pollen tube, delivers sperm to female gametophyte

and spore wall

pollen grain develops within the microsporangia (pollen sacs) of anthers at the tips of the stamens

microsporocyte (2N) -> (meiosis) 4 microspores (n) -> (Mitosis) 4 pollen grains (N)

male gametophyte develops inside anther

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8
Q

female gametophyte

origin and structure

A

embryo sac

ovule becomes seed

develops in ovule (megasporangium)

megasporocyte (2N) -> (meiosis) 1 megaspore (really 4, but only 1 survives) -> (mitosis) embryo sac

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9
Q

Pollination

A

transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

wind, water, animals

occurs when pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates.

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10
Q

fate of each of the two sperm within a mature male gametophyte and how the sperm reach the ovule

A

one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming the zygote

the other sperm combines with the 2 polar nuclei of the embryo sac’s large central cell, forming a triploid cell that develops into the nutritive tissue called endosperm

the sperm reach the ovule by traveling down the pollen tube that forms when the pollen is germinated

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11
Q

mature ovule

A

seed

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12
Q

how does the endosperm end up with 3 sets of chromosomes and function

A

a sperm combines with 2 polar nuclei

food-stroing tissue of seed

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13
Q

how do cotyledons develop and function

A

as bumps on the proembryo

absorb and store food from the endosperm

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14
Q

part of flower develops into fruit

and function

A

the ovary

seed dsipersal, a part of it is edible and it entices an animal

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15
Q

function of seed dormancy. first step in the germination of the seed

A

it increases advantageous conditions for the seed to germinate

imbibition - uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed

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16
Q

two regions of undifferentiated tissue in plant

A

meristematic tissue (=to animal stem cells) (found in the Apical Meristem (tissue at top of plant covered by leaves) and lateral mersitem)

horizontal stems (stolons (runners) on top, rhizomes, underground) -this can produce large clones

asexual (vegetative) reproduction

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17
Q

fragmentation

A

type of asexual reproduction

plant breaking apart at specific places

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18
Q

Examples of alteration of generations (moss, ferns, angiosperms)

A

moss - gametophyte is most conspicuous stage (what you see)

ferns and angiosperms - sporophyte (2n) is more conspicuous, gametophyte is at base, gametophyte stage is very reduced

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19
Q

monoecious

diocecious

A

parts of plant can be male or female

entire plant is male or female

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20
Q

Fertilization in angiosperms

A
  1. generative cell (haploid) within pollen grain divides by mitosis (2 sperm)
  2. pollen tube grows, carrying 2 sperm
  3. double feritilization

if the egg is fertilized, the ovule develops into seed and ovary into fruit.

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21
Q

seed development

A

some or all the resources of the endosperm are diverted to cotyledons (monocots , corn, dicots - bean - both types of angiosperms)

22
Q

3 process of plant development

A
  1. growth
  2. differentiation
  3. morphogenesis
23
Q

two components of plant growth

A
  1. cell division
  2. cell expansion (ezymatic cleavage allows cellulose fibers to spread and expand)

both canges tend to be in one direction

most size increase due to cell expansion

24
Q

cellular differentiation

A

determined by position rather than lineage

correlated with chemical gradients

25
Q

aukin

A

inhibits axillary buds (cut off top, no inhibiton of axillary buds)

26
Q

parasitic

A

relationship between was Campsoscolia and orchid

27
Q

flowering plants

A

angiosperms

28
Q

mitosis

in animals, gametes are produced by meiosis

A

in plants, type of cell dividsion that produces gametes

29
Q

multicellular haploid and diploid generations take turns producing each other

sporophyte (2N) -> (meiosis) spores (N) -> (growth and mitosis) gametophyte (N) -> (Mitosis) Gametes ->Fertilization and growth -> sporophyte (2N)

A

alteration of generations

30
Q

end of the stamen

has sacs within it that produce pollen

A

anther

31
Q

sepals - reprodcutive (male), enclose and protect unopened floral buds, more leafy in appearance

petals - sterile, most brightly colored (advertise)

stamens - sterile

carpels - reproductive (female, has ovary (ovules), stulye,stigma (capture pollen) - pistil (collective term)

all attached to receptacle

A

4 components of a complete flower

structure and function

32
Q

pollen grain - consists of 2 haploid cells

generative cell

tube cell - pollen tube, delivers sperm to female gametophyte

and spore wall

pollen grain develops within the microsporangia (pollen sacs) of anthers at the tips of the stamens

microsporocyte (2N) -> (meiosis) 4 microspores (n) -> (Mitosis) 4 pollen grains (N)

male gametophyte develops inside anther

A

male gametophyte

origin and structure

33
Q

embryo sac

ovule becomes seed

develops in ovule (megasporangium)

megasporocyte (2N) -> (meiosis) 1 megaspore (really 4, but only 1 survives) -> (mitosis) embryo sac

A

female gametophyte

origin and structure

34
Q

transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

wind, water, animals

occurs when pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates.

A

Pollination

35
Q

one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming the zygote

the other sperm combines with the 2 polar nuclei of the embryo sac’s large central cell, forming a triploid cell that develops into the nutritive tissue called endosperm

the sperm reach the ovule by traveling down the pollen tube that forms when the pollen is germinated

A

fate of each of the two sperm within a mature male gametophyte and how the sperm reach the ovule

36
Q

seed

A

mature ovule

37
Q

a sperm combines with 2 polar nuclei

food-stroing tissue of seed

A

how does the endosperm end up with 3 sets of chromosomes and function

38
Q

as bumps on the proembryo

absorb and store food from the endosperm

A

how do cotyledons develop and function

39
Q

the ovary

seed dsipersal, a part of it is edible and it entices an animal

A

part of flower develops into fruit

and function

40
Q

it increases advantageous conditions for the seed to germinate

imbibition - uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed

A

function of seed dormancy. first step in the germination of the seed

41
Q

meristematic tissue (=to animal stem cells) (found in the Apical Meristem (tissue at top of plant covered by leaves) and lateral mersitem)

horizontal stems (stolons (runners) on top, rhizomes, underground) -this can produce large clones

asexual (vegetative) reproduction

A

two regions of undifferentiated tissue in plant

42
Q

type of asexual reproduction

plant breaking apart at specific places

A

fragmentation

43
Q

moss - gametophyte is most conspicuous stage (what you see)

ferns and angiosperms - sporophyte (2n) is more conspicuous, gametophyte is at base, gametophyte stage is very reduced

A

Examples of alteration of generations (moss, ferns, angiosperms)

44
Q

parts of plant can be male or female

entire plant is male or female

A

monoecious

diocecious

45
Q
  1. generative cell (haploid) within pollen grain divides by mitosis (2 sperm)
  2. pollen tube grows, carrying 2 sperm
  3. double feritilization

if the egg is fertilized, the ovule develops into seed and ovary into fruit.

A

Fertilization in angiosperms

46
Q

some or all the resources of the endosperm are diverted to cotyledons (monocots , corn, dicots - bean - both types of angiosperms)

A

seed development

47
Q
  1. growth
  2. differentiation
  3. morphogenesis
A

3 process of plant development

48
Q
  1. cell division
  2. cell expansion (ezymatic cleavage allows cellulose fibers to spread and expand)

both canges tend to be in one direction

most size increase due to cell expansion

A

two components of plant growth

49
Q

determined by position rather than lineage

correlated with chemical gradients

A

cellular differentiation

50
Q

inhibits axillary buds (cut off top, no inhibiton of axillary buds)

A

aukin

Biology 112 (17 decks)

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