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Bio 121 > Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Animal Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary convergence

A

Different species independently adapt to a similar environmental challenge

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2
Q

Exchange with the environment

A

Occurs as substances dissolved in an aqueous medium

Substances diffuse and are transported across the cells’ plasma membranes

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3
Q

Organisms with more complex body plans

A

Highly folded internal surfaces specialized for exchanging materials
Specialized cells and tissues

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4
Q

Digestive system

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
Food processing

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5
Q

Circulatory system

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

Internal distribution of materials

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6
Q

Respiratory system

A

Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes

Gas exchange

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7
Q

Immune and lymphatic systems

A

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells
Body defense against infection

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8
Q

Excretory system

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood

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9
Q

Endocrine system

A

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal and other hormone secreting glands
Coordinations of body activities

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10
Q

Reproductive system

A

Ovaries or testes and associated organs

Reproduction

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11
Q

Nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

Coordinations of body activities, detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them

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12
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin and its derivatives (hair, claws, skin glands, etc.)

Protection against injury, infection, or dehydration; thermoregulation

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13
Q

Skeletal system

A

Skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

Body support, protection of internal organs, movement

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14
Q

Muscular system

A

Skeletal muscles

Locomotion and other movement

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15
Q

4 tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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16
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers outside of body and lines organs and cavities within the body
Contains cells that are closely joined in sheets
Columnar: column-like cells
Cuboidal: square-shaped cells
Squamous: “squashed” cells

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17
Q

Connective tissue

A

Binds and supports other tissues
Sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix of fibers
Collagenous fibers and elastic fibers (thinner)

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18
Q

Examples of connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue (holds organs in place)
Fibrous connective tissue (found in tendons and ligaments)
Adipose (fat)
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

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19
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Connective tissue matrix: secrete fiber proteins

20
Q

Macrophages

A

Connective tissue matrix: engulf foreign particles and debris by endocytosis

21
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Composed of long cells (muscle fibers) capable of contracting in response to nerve signals

22
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal (striated-horizontal stripes, voluntary control)
Cardiac (striated, involuntary)
Smooth (non-striated, involuntary)

23
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal

Made up of neurons and glial cells

24
Q

Parts of neuron

A

Cell body (soma)
Axon: transmits signal from one cell to another
Dendrites: receives signal

25
Q

Glial cells

A

Support and nourishment of long lines of axons

26
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance between external changes and the animal’s internal control mechanisms that oppose the changes

27
Q

Regulator

A

Uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation
Fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus that is detected by a sensor and triggers a response
Response returns the variable to the set point

28
Q

Conformer

A

Allows internal condition to vary with certain external changes

29
Q

Negative feedback

A

Returns variable to normal range
Most homeostatic control systems function by using this
Buildup of end product shuts system off

30
Q

Positive feedback

A

Amplifies a stimulus
Example: baby’s head pushing against uterus increases contractions until baby is born
Doesn’t usually contribute to homeostasis

31
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
Insulation (feathers, fur, fat)
Circulatory adaptations (vasodilation, vasoconstriction, etc.)
Evaporative heat loss (sweating, panting)
Behavioral (basking, hibernation, shivering)

32
Q

Endothermic

A

Generate heat by metabolism
Mammals and birds
Can bask in sun- lowers energy output

33
Q

Ectothermic

A

Gain heat from external surfaces

Reptiles, bugs, fish, amphibians, etc.

34
Q

4 ways to exchange heat

A

Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction

35
Q

Radiation

A

Transfer of heat between objects that aren’t in direct contact

36
Q

Evaporation

A

Removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing its molecules as gas

37
Q

Convection

A

Transfer of heat by movement of air or liquid past a surface

38
Q

Conduction

A

Direct transfer of heat between of molecules of objects in direct contact with each other

39
Q

Vasodilation

A

Blood vessels enlarge, releasing heat

40
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Blood vessels constrict, keeping heat in body

41
Q

Countercurrent heat exchange

A

Warm blood in arteries transfers heat to cold blood in veins

Takes place in extremities

42
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Specific part of human brain that controls thermoregulation

Nerve cells function as a thermostat

43
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Flow of energy through an animal

44
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

Metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest

45
Q

Standard metabolic rate

A

Metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest

Measured at standard temperature- different for each animal

46
Q

Metabolic rate

A

Inversely proportional to body size among similar animals

Small animals have higher: hearts beat faster and they breathe more times per minute

Bio 121 (25 decks)

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