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Bio 121 > Animal reproduction > Flashcards

Animal reproduction Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Fission

A

Asexual reproduction in some invertebrates

Separation of parent into 2 or more individuals of about the same size

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2
Q

Budding

A

New individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones

Hydra and other cnidarians

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3
Q

Fragmentation

A

Breaking of body into pieces followed by regeneration of lost body parts
Pieces develop into adults
Segmented worms

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4
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Development of new individual from unfertilized egg

Rotifers

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5
Q

“Twofold” cost of sexual reproduction

A

Sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females

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6
Q

Why sexual reproduction is an evolutionary advantage

A

Genetic recombination: increased variation of offspring, increased rate of adaptation, shuffling of genes and elimination of harmful genes from population

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7
Q

Ovulation definition

A

Release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle

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8
Q

Control of reproductive cycles

A

Most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to changing seasons
Reproductive cycles are controlled by hormones and environmental cues

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9
Q

Asexual whiptail lizards

A

Parthenogenesis

Females switch sexual roles (mounting triggers release of egg)

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10
Q

Hermaphroditic reproduction

A

2 hermaphrodites can mate

Some can self-fertilize

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11
Q

External fertilization

A

Eggs shed by female are fertilized by sperm in external environment
Example: female frog secretes eggs into pond, and male frog secretes sperm into pond to fertilize them

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12
Q

Internal fertilization

A

Sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs within the tract
Requires behavioral interactions and compatible sexual organs
Critical timing: environmental cues, pheromones, and/or courtship behavior

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13
Q

Gonads

A

Organs that produce gametes via meiosis

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14
Q

Female external reproductive structures

A

Clitorus: arousal
Labia: protect opening into vagina

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15
Q

Ovaries

A 
Female gonads
Contain follicles (partially developed egg, oocyte, surrounded by support cells; produce estradiol prior to ovulation)
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16
Q

Oogenesis

A

Development of oocyte into ovum (egg)

Prolonged process

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17
Q

Ovulation steps

A

Egg cell is expelled from follicle
Remaining follicular tissue forms into corpus luteum
Cilia in oviduct (fallopian tube) transport egg cell to uterus
Uterus lining (endometrium) contains many blood vessels

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18
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Follicule tissue minus egg cell
Secretes estradiol and progesterone that helps to maintain pregnancy
If egg isn’t fertilized, this degenerates

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19
Q

Female reproductive opening

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A

Uterus narrows at cervix, then opens into vagina
Vagina opens to outside
Vagina serves as repository for sperm and the birth canal

20
Q

Male external and internal reproductive organs

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A

External: scrotum and penis
Internal: gonads and accessory glands

21
Q

Testes

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A

Male gonads

Consist of highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue

22
Q

Seminiferous tubules

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A

Coiled tubes in testes

Site of sperm formation

23
Q

Leydig cells

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A

Produce hormones and are scattered between seminiferous tubules

24
Q

Scrotum

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A

Outer covering of testes

Outside abdominal cavity: temperature is low enough to produce sperm

25
Sperm flow in ejaculation
Seminiferous tubules -> epididymus (coiled tubules outside of testes) -> vas deferens (muscular tube) -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra
26
Semen
Sperm + secretions from accessory glands
27
Seminal vesicles
Contribute about 60% of total volume of semen | Male accessory gland
28
Prostate gland
Secretes anticoagulant enzymes and sperm nutrients directly into urethra through several small ducts Male accessory gland
29
Penis
Composed of 3 cylinders of spongy erectile tissue | During arousal, erectile tissue fills with blood from arteries, causing erection
30
Spermatogenesis
Development of sperm | Continuous and prolific (millions of sperm are produced each day, and each sperm takes about 7 weeks to develop)
31
3 ways spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis
1. All 4 products of meiosis develop into sperm, while only 1 of 4 develop into egg 2. Spermatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood 3. Sperm are produced continuously without prolonged interruptions as in oogenesis
32
Spermatogenesis steps
``` Primordial germ cell in embryo -> Mitosis -> Spermatogonial stem cell -> Mitosis -> Spermatogonium -> Mitosis -> Primary spermatocyte -> Meiosis I -> Secondary spermatocyte -> Meiosis II -> Early spermatid -> Differentiation -> Sperm cells ```
33
Sertoli cells
Provide nutrients to developing sperm (spermatids) in spermatogenesis
34
3 parts of sperm cell
Head: fertilizes egg Midpiece Tail
35
Sperm head components
Acrosome: vacuole that contains enzymes to eat through egg Nucleus: contains haploid genome
36
Sperm midpiece
Contains many mitochondria: generate ATP to "swim"
37
Oogenesis steps
Primordial germ cell in embryo -> Mitosis -> Oogonium -> Mitosis -> Primary oocyte (present at birth; arrested in prophase of meiosis I) -> Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II (occurs at puberty) -> Secondary oocyte (arrested at metaphase of meiosis II) -> Ovulation and sperm entry -> Completion of meiosis II -> Fertilized egg
38
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Secreted by hypothalamus (part of brain that regulates reproduction): stimulated by high levels of estradiol in females and inhibited by high levels of testosterone in males Directs release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) by anterior pituitary gland
39
Menstrual cycle
``` Menstrual flow phase (day 0 to day 5): FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow, low estradiol and progesterone cause release of endometrium Proliferative phase (day 6 to day 14): follicle matures, increase in estradiol causes spike in LH, LH triggers release of egg cell Secretory phase (day 15 to day 28): corpus luteum forms and secretes estradiol and progesterone, which cause thickening of endometrium After day 28, cycle repeats ```
40
Estrous cycles
Characteristic of most mammals (except primates and humans) Endometrium is absorbed by uterus Sexual receptivity is limited to a "heat" period
41
Hormonal control of male reproductive system
Hypothalamus secretes GnRH GnRH activates anterior pituitary gland, which releases FSH and LH FSH stimulates sertoli cells, which stimulate inhibin (inhibit anterior pituitary from producing FSH) and spermatogenesis LH stimulates Leydig cells, which stimulate testosterone (inhibits hypothalamus and anterior pituitary), which stimulates spermatogenesis Hormone levels are steady, except for morning
42
Vasectomy
Ties off vas deferens
43
Birth control
Prevent oocyte development and ovulation | No sloughing of endometrial lining
44
Condom or abstinence
Prevent entry of sperm into vagina
45
Spermicides or diaphragm (inserted into vagina)
Prevent sperm movement through female reproductive tract
46
Morning-after pill
Prevent union of sperm and egg and implantation of blastocyst in endometrium
47
Tubal ligation
Ties off oviducts

Bio 121 (25 decks)

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