Animal Nutrition & Digestion Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up in the process of animal —
A
Nutrition
2
Q
Mainly eat plants & algae
A
Herbivores
3
Q
Mainly eat other animals
A
Carnivores
4
Q
Regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae
A
Omnivores
5
Q
An animals diet must supply what 3 key requirements?
A
- Chemical Energy
- Organic Building Blocks
- Essential Nutrients
6
Q
—— is converted into ATP to power cellular processes
A
Chemical Energy
7
Q
——— Synthesizes a variety of organic molecules
A
Organic Building Blocks
8
Q
—— are required by cells and must be obtained from dietary sources
A
Essential Nutrients
9
Q
Essential nutrients are required materials that an animal cannot assemble from — organic molecules, they must be obtained by —
A
- Simpler
2. Diet
10
Q
What are the 4 clasess of essential nutrients?
A
- Essential amino acids
- Essential fatty acids
- Vitamins
- Minerals
11
Q
Animals require — amino acids
A
20
12
Q
About half(11) of the amino acids animals require can be sythesized from other — in the —. The remaining essential amino acid must be obtained from — in the — form
A
- Molecules
- Diet
- Food
- Prefabricated
13
Q
Meat, eggs, & cheese provide all the essential amino acids and are thus — proteins
A
Complete
14
Q
Most plant proteins are — in amino acids composition. Vegetarians can easily obtain all essential amino acids by eating a — diet of ——
A
- Incomplete
- Varied
- Plant Proteins
15
Q
Animals — synthesize most of the fatty acids they need & deficiencies in fatty acid are —
A
- Can
2. Rare
16
Q
Essential fatty acids must be obtained from the — and include certain — fatty acids
A
- Diet
2. Unsaturated
17
Q
Organic molecules required in the diet in — amounts
A
Small
18
Q
— vitamins are essential for humans
A
13
19
Q
What are the 2 categories vitamins are grouped into?
A
- Fat-soluble
2. Water-soluble
20
Q
Major functions(4) of vitamins include:
A
- Coenzymes
- Antioxidants
- Components of visual pigments
- Absorbtion of minerals
21
Q
Small inorganic nutrients, are usually required in — amounts in minerals
A
Small
22
Q
Ingesting large amounts of some minerals can — homeostatic balance. For example, excess salt contributes to — blood pressure
A
- Upset
2. High
23
Q
Major functions(6) of minerals include:
A
- Bone Formation
- Amino Acid Componenets
- Acid-base & osmotic balance
- Enzyme Cofactors
- Nerve & Muscle Function
- Iodine is a major component of thyroid hormones
24
Q
Deficiencies in essential nutrients can cause —,—,&—
A
- Deformities
- Disease
- Death
25
— results when a diet does not provide enough chemical energy
Undernourishment
26
An undernourished individual will:
- Use up stored —&—
- Break down its own —
- Lose ——
- Suffer — deficiency of the brain
- Die or suffer irreversible damage
1. Fat & Carbohydrates
2. Protiens
3. Muscle MAss
4. Protein
27
What are the steps(4) of food processing?
1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorbtion
4. Elimination
28
— is the act of eating, or taking food in through the mouth
Ingestion
29
In vertabrates, the food is mechanically broken down by— and prepared into a — that can easily be swallowed
1. Mastication (chewing)
| 2. Bolus
30
— is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb
Digestion
31
Digestion involves — & — digestion
Mechanical & Chemical
32
Mechanical digestion use the — or — & grinding — the surface area of food
1. Teeth or Gizzard
| 2. Increases
33
Chemical digestion is the — of —
Secretion of Enzymes
34
Chemical Digestion:
~ —— splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water
~ Generates small molecules that can pass through —
~ These are used to build — molecules
1. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2. Membrane
3. Larger
35
— is the uptake of nutrients from the digestive tract into the body
Absorbtion
36
— is the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system
Elimination
37
Most animals process food in ——
Specialized Compartments
38
Specialized Compartments reduce the risk of an animal digesting its own — & —
Cells & Tissues
39
Food particles are engulfed by —
Phagocytosis
40
Food vacuoles fuse with — containing — enzymes
1. Lysosomes
| 2. Hydrolytic
41
—— is the breakdown of food particles outside of cells. This limits self digestion
Extracellular Digestion
42
Extracellular digestion occurs on compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animals body . There are 2 types based on body plan and complexity what are they?
1. Gastrovascular Cavity
| 2. Alimentary Canal
43
Gastovascular Cavity:
- Animals with — body plans
- ——: one opening to a cavity in which materials are boken down
- Functions in both — and — of nutrients
1. Simple
2. Digestive Sac
3. Digestion & Distribution
44
Alimentary Canal:
- Animals with more — body plans
- Complete ——/—: runs between two openings
- Can have specialized regions that carry out —&— in a stepwise fashion
1. Complex
2. Digestive tube/tract
3. Digestion & Absorbtion
45
The mammalian digestive system is comprised of organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing
What are these organs(5)?
1. Accesory Gland
2. Oral Cavity, pharynx, esophagus
3. Stomach
4. small intestine
5. Large intestine
46
In mammal, a number of —— secrete digestive juices through ducts into the ——
1. Accesory Glands
| 2. Alimentary Canal
47
Mammalian accesory glands(4) include:
1. salivary galnds (oral cavity)
2. Pancreas
3. Liver
4. Gallbladder
(2-4 duodenum)
48
Activity of the digestive tract is controlled by the — & —
Peristalsis & Sphincters
49
— is the rhthymic contractions of msucles in the wall of the canal push food along
Peristalsis
50
— are valves that regulate the movement of material
Sphincters
51
First stage of digestion is — and take place in the ——
1. Mechancial
| 2. Oral Cavity
52
—— deliver saliva to oral cavity
Salivary Glands
53
Saliva contains what 2 things?
Amylase & Mucus
54
— is the enzyme that intiates chemical digestion via the breakdown of glucose polymers
Amylase
55
— is a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, & glycoproteins (mucins) that function to:
- — food
- — oral cavity
1. Mucus
2. Lubricate
3. Protect
56
— helps shape food into a — and procides help with swallowing
1. Tongue
| 2. Bolus
57
— is the junction that opens to both the esophagus andthe trachea
Pharynx(throat)
58
— leads to the lungs
Trachea(windpipe)
59
— conducts food from the pharync down to the stomach by peristalsis
Esophagus
60
—— is the upper third of the esophagus is under voluntary control
Striated muscle
61
—— is the lower two thirds are involuntary(peristalsis)
Smooth Muscle
62
—— moves the bolus down, and another sphincter is relaxed as it approached the stomach
Esophageal Peristalsis
63
Stomach:
- Stores food and processes it into a ——
- Secretes —— that performs chemical digestion
- Mixture of ingested food and gastric juice = —
1. Liquid Suspension
2. Gastric Juice
3. Chyme
64
Active agents of gastric juices are secreted by what 2 types of cells?
1. Parietal cells
| 2. Cheif Cells
65
—— secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen of the stomach
- The resulting —— lowers pH to 2 which kills bacteria and denatures proteins
1. Parietal Cells
| 2. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
66
—— secrete inactive —, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with HCl
1. Cheif Cells
| 2. Pepsinogen
67
— is a protease, or protein-digesting enzyme, that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides
Pepsin
68
The stomach is protected by:
- maintaing the components of —— separate or inactive prior to —
- — production
- Rapid regenration of the ——
1. Gastric Juice
2. Secretion
3. Mucus
4. Epithelial Layer (a new epithelial layer is added every 3 days)
69
Gastric Ulcers, lesions in the linig, are caused mainly by the ———, not excess secretion
Bacterium Heliobacter Pylori
70
If the sphincter at the top of the stomach allows movement of chyme back to the lower end of the esophagus , the result is —
Heartburn
71
—— is the longest section of alimentary canal
Small Intestine
72
Small intestine in the major organ of — & —
Digestion & Absorbtion
73
The small intestine is where most —— of macromolecules occur
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
74
The intial segment of the small intestine is the —.
Duodenum
75
In the duodenum — mixes with —— from epithelial lining, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
1. Chyme
| 2. Digestive Juices
76
Pancreatic secretions:
| - — to neutralize and buffer low pH from stomach
Bicarbonate
77
Pancreatic Secretions:
- — to break down nutrients
* — for sugars
* — for fats
* — for proteins
* — for nucleotides
1. Enzymes
2. Amylases
3. Lipases
4. Proteases
5. Nucleases
78
The — &— provide bile for emulsifying lipids
Liver & Gallbladder
79
The small intestine has a huge surface area due to — and — that are exposed to the intestinal lumen
1. Villi
| 2. Microvilli
80
The enormous microvillar surface creates a —— that greatly — the rate of ——
1. Brush Border
2. Increases
3. Nutrient Absorbtion
81
Transport across the epithelial cells can be — or — deonding on the nutrient
Passive or Active
82
Structure of small intestine is designed to maximize surface area for absorbtion through —,—, & —
Folds, Villi, & Microvilli
83
The ——— carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart
Hepatic Portal Vein
84
The liver:
1. — nutrient distribution via — of organic molecules
2. — foreign substances
1. regualtes, Interconversion
| 2. Detoxifies
85
Bile is made in the — and stored in the —
1. Liver
| 2. Gallbladder
86
Bile production by the liver aids in digestion and absorbtion of — within the ——
1. Fats
| 2. Small Intestine
87
Bile also destroys nonfunctional ———
Red Blood Cells
88
Epithelial cells absorb —— and — and recombine them into —
1. Fatty Acids
2. Monoglycerides
3. Triglycerides
89
These fats are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form water-souluble —
Chylomicrons
90
Chylomicrons are transported into a —, in each villus
Lacteal (lymphatic vessel)
91
Lymphatic vessels deliver ——— to large veins that return blood to the heart
Chylomicron-Containing Lymph
92
Recovery of water and ions intiates in ——
Small Intestine
93
— uptake of ions drives — water uptake by —
1. Active
2. Passive
3. Osmosis
94
The large instetine includes the —,—, & the —
1. Cecum
2. Colon
3. Rectum
95
— aids in fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet
- The human cecum has an extension called the —, which plays a very minor role in immunity
1. Cecum
| 2. Appendix
96
A major function of the colon is to complete the ———
Recovery of Water
97
The colon houses a rich community of —
Bacteria
98
Remaining waste, —, includes — material and bacteria
- Becomes more — as moves through the colon
1. Feces
2. Undigested
3. Solid
99
— occurs when too little water reabsorbed
Diarrhea
100
— occurs when too much water reabsorbed
Constipation
101
Feces are stored in the — until they can be eliminated through the anus
Rectum
102
Two sphincters between the — and — control bowel movement
Rectum & Anus
103
Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrates digestive systems are variations on a common theme and correlate with doet
Variation in:
- —(assortment of teeth)
- — devleopment
* — & — in birds
* — stomachs
- Overal length of the ——
1. Dentition
2. Chamber
3. Crop & Gizzard
4. Ruminant
5. Digestive Tract
104
The sucess of mammals is due in part to their — which is specialized for different diets
Dentition
105
Nonmammalian vertebrates have — specialized teet though exceptions exsist.
-E.g. the teeth of posionois snales are modified as fangs for injecting venom
Less
106
— &— genrally have longer alimentary canal than —, reflecting the longer time needed to giest vegetation. Many — have large,expandable stoamchs.
1. Herbivores & Omnivores
2. Carnivores
3. Carnivores
107
THe coexsistence of humans and many bacteria involved ——
Mutualistic Symbiosis
108
The — is the collection of the microorgansim living on the body. Some intestinal bacteria produce — & also regualte development of the —— & function of the ———
1. Microbiomw
2. Vitamins
3. Intestinal Epithelium
4. Innate Immune System
109
The — of plant walls provides much of the chemical energy for herbivors. However, animals do not produce enzymes that ——
1. Cellulose
| 2. Hydrolyze cellulose
110
Many herbivores have fermentation chambers with mutialistic microorganisms. Chamber include ——,——, & —
1. Enlarged Cecums
2. Enlarged Crops
3. Rumens
111
Microorganisms help digest — to ——
1. Cellulose
| 2. Simple Sugars
112
Both the —— and the — in particular is much — in the herbivores to aid in very tough cellulose within plants
1. Digestive Tract
2. Cecum
3. Longer
113
The most elaborate adaptations for an herbivores diet have evolved in the animals called —
- Examples?
1. Ruminants
| 2. Deer, Sheep, Cattle
114
Hormonal Responses to Food:
1. — stretched by food
2. Stomach releases — into —
3. Induces secretion —— by stomach
1. Stomach
2. Gastrin, Bloodstream
3. Gastric Juices
115
Regulation of Digestion:
* In duodenum, ——/—— in chyme trigger release of:
1. —: release of pancreatic enzymes andbile from gallbladder
2. —: bicarbonate from pancreas to neutralize chyme
1. Amino Acids/Fatty Acids
2. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
3. Secretin
116
Regulation of Digestion:
If chyme is rich in fats, high levels of — & — will inhibit peristalsis and secretion of gastric juices by stomach to slow digestion
1. Secretin
| 2. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
