Ecosystems

Question 1

Regardless of an ecosystems size, its dynamics involve 2 main processes: —— & ——

Answer 1

1. Energy Flow

2. Chemical Cycling

Question 2

Energy flows — ecosystems while chemical cycle — them

Answer 2

1. Through

2. Within

Question 3

Ecologist study the transformations of — & — in an ecosystem and map the movements of ——

Answer 3

1. Energy
2. Matter
3. Chemical elements

Question 4

First law of thermodynamics: energy cannot be — or —, only — or —

Answer 4

1. Created
2. Destroyed
3. Transferred
4. Transform

Question 5

Energy enters an ecosystem as ——, some is transformed into — energy by plants that is transferred to other organisms, and is ultimately lost as —

Answer 5

1. Solar radiation
2. Chemical
3. Heat

Question 6

Second law of thermodynamics: every exchange of energy — the — of the universe

Answer 6

1. Increases

2. Entropy

Question 7

In an ecosystem, energy conversion are not completely —, and some energy is always — as heat

Answer 7

1. Efficient

2. Lost

Question 8

Law of conservation of mass: — cannot be — or —

Answer 8

1. Matter
2. Created
3. Destroyed

Question 9

Chemical elements are continually — within ecosystem

Answer 9

Recycled

Question 10

Although most elements are not gained or lost on a — scale, they can be gained or lost from a particular —

Answer 10

1. Global

2. Ecosystem

Question 11

Ecosystems are — systems, absorbing — & — and releasing — & — products

Answer 11

1. Open
2. Energy
3. Mass
4. Heat
5. Waste

Question 12

If a nutrients — from an ecosystem exceed its —, that nutrient will limit —

Answer 12

1. Outputs
2. Inputs
3. Production

Question 13

Ecologists group species into tropical levels based on their main source of nutrition and energy:

• —: build molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemo synthesis as an energy source
• —: depend on the bio synthetic output of other organisms

Answer 13

1. Autotrophs

2. Heterotrophs

Question 14

Energy and nutrients pass from:
Primary producers(—) to primary consumers (—) to secondary consumers (—) then to tertiary consumers (— that feed on other —)

Answer 14

1. Autotrophs
2. Herbivores
3. Carnivores
4. Carnivores
5. Carnivores

Question 15

—, or —: consumers that derive their energy from —, nonliving organic matter

Answer 15

1. Detritivores
2. Decomposes
3. Detritus

Question 16

— & — are the main detritivores

Answer 16

1. Prokaryotes

2. Fungi

Question 17

Decomposers play a critical role in recycling — elements to ——

Answer 17

1. Chemical

2. Primary producers

Question 18

— connects all tropic levels

Answer 18

Decomposition

Question 19

In most ecosystems, —— is the amount of light energy converted to chemical; energy by autotrophs during a given time period

Answer 19

Primary production

Question 20

In some ecosystems, initial energy input is — an chemoautotroph are the ——

Answer 20

1. Chemical

2. Primary producers

Question 21

The amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface limits — — of ecosystems
* Varies with —, with most in the tropics

Answer 21

1. Photosynthetic output

2. Latitude

Question 22

Only a small fraction of solar energy actually strikes — organisms, and even less is of a usable —

Answer 22

1. Photosynthetic

2. Wavelength

Question 23

The extent of photosynthetic production sets the —— for an ecosystems — budget

Answer 23

1. Spending limit

2. Energy

Question 24

———: total primary production

* measured as the conversion of — from — to ——— per unit time

Answer 24

1. Gross primary production (GPP)
2. Energy
3. Light
4. Organic chemical energy

Question 25

———: amount of new biomass added in a given area over a given time period, not the total biomass of autotrophs

Answer 25

Net primary production (NPP)

Question 26

NPP is equal to — minus — used by primary producers for —

Answer 26

1. GPP 2. Energy 3. Respiration

Question 27

NPP on average is equal to about — of —

Answer 27

1. 1/2 | 2. GPP

Question 28

Only NPP is available to —

Answer 28

Consumers

Question 29

———, —, & —— are among the most productive ecosystems per unit area

Answer 29

1. Tropical rain forests 2. Estuaries 3. Coral reefs

Question 30

Marine ecosystems are relatively — per unit area, but contribute much to global net —— because of their —

Answer 30

1. Unproductive 2. Primary production 3. Volume

Question 31

Net ecosystem production (NEP) is the measure of total —— during a given period

Answer 31

Biomes accumulation

Question 32

NEP= — minus the total — of — organisms in an ecosystem

Answer 32

1. GPP 2. Respiration 3. All

Question 33

NEP is useful in determining whether an ecosystem is — or ——-

Answer 33

1. Gaining 2. Losing 3. Biomass

Question 34

Primary production in aquatic ecosystems is controlled by both — & —

Answer 34

1. Light | 2. Nutrients

Question 35

Light: — of light penetration affects —— in the photic zone of an ocean or lake

Answer 35

1. Depth | 2. Primary production

Question 36

Nutrients: | * More than —, nutrients limit primary production in most — & —

Answer 36

1. Light 2. Oceans 3. Lakes

Question 37

——: an element that must be added for production to increase in an area * — & — most often limit marine production

Answer 37

1. Limiting Nutrient 2. Nitrogen 3. Phosphorus

Question 38

The addition of large amount of — to lake has a wide range of — impacts

Answer 38

1. Nutrients | 2. Ecological

Question 39

In some areas sewage runoff has caused — of lakes, which can lead to loss of most fish species

Answer 39

Eutrophication

Question 40

— limits Cyanobacteria growth more often than — in lake~led to the use of phosphate-free detergents

Answer 40

1. Phosphorus | 2. Nitrogen

Question 41

In terrestrial ecosystems, — & — affect primary production on a large scale

Answer 41

1. Temperature | 2. Moisture

Question 42

Soil nutrients often limit primary production in — ecosystems

Answer 42

Terrestrial

Question 43

— is the most common limiting nutrient in soils

Answer 43

Nitrogen

Question 44

— can also be a limiting nutrient, especially on older soils

Answer 44

Phosphorus

Question 45

Various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil: *Some plants form — with — fixing bacteria

Answer 45

1. Mutualisms | 2. Nitrogen

Question 46

Various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil: * Many plants for mutualisms with —— ~ Supply plants with — and other limiting elements

Answer 46

1. Mycorrhizal fungi | 2. Phosphorus

Question 47

Various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil: * Roots have —— to increase surface area

Answer 47

Root hairs

Question 48

Various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil: * Many plants release — that increase the availability of ——

Answer 48

1. Enzymes | 2. Limiting nutrients

Question 49

Secondary production: amount of — energy in consumers food converted to new — during a given period of time * only about —/— of the leaves energy is used for secondary production

Answer 49

1. Chemical 2. Biomass 3. 1/6

Question 50

Production efficiency: the fraction of energy stored in — food that is not used for —

Answer 50

1. Assimilated | 2. Respiration

Question 51

Birds and mammals have efficiencies in the range of —% because of the high cost of —

Answer 51

1. 1-3% | 2. Endothermy

Question 52

Fishes have production efficiencies of around —%

Answer 52

10%

Question 53

Insects and microorganisms have efficiencies of —% or more

Answer 53

40%

Question 54

——: percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next * Must always be — than production efficiencies because also takes into account unconsumed organic matter * Usually about —%, with a range of 5% to 20% * Multiplied over the length of a ——

Answer 54

1. Tropic efficiency 2. Less 3. 10% 4. Food Chain

Question 55

An energy pyramid represents the — of energy with each — in a food chain

Answer 55

1. Loss | 2. Transfer

Question 56

Approximately —% of chemical energy voxed by photosynthesis reaches a tertiary consumer

Answer 56

0.1%

Question 57

In a biomass pyramid each tier represents the —— of all organisms in one tropic level

Answer 57

Dry weight

Question 58

Most bio mass pyramid show a sharp decrease at successively ———

Answer 58

Higher tropic levels

Question 59

Certain aquatic ecosystems have inverted biomass pyramids: producers (phytoplankton) are consumed so quickly that they are outweighed by ——

Answer 59

Primary consumers

Question 60

Given enough time, —— can recover from many types of disturbances

Answer 60

Biological communities

Question 61

Restoration ecology seeks to initiate or speed up the — of ——

Answer 61

1. Recovery | 2. Degraded ecosystems

Question 62

2 key strategies are — and — of ecosystem processes

Answer 62

1. Bioremediation | 2. Augmentation

Question 63

— is the of living organisms to detoxify ecosystems * organisms most often used are —,—, or — * These organisms can take up, and sometimes metabolize, — molecules

Answer 63

1. Bioremediation 2. Prokaryotes, fungi, or plants 3. Toxic

Question 64

—— uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem

Answer 64

Biological Augmentation