Respiratory System: Slides

Question 1

The respiratory system supplies —— for cellular respiration and disposes of ——. This occurs by ——

Answer 1

1. Oxygen gas(O2)
2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
3. Diffusion

Question 2

What is rate of diffusion between two regions governed by?

Answer 2

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

R= DA/Dp d

Question 3

What ways have evolutionary changes occured to optimize rate of diffusion(R)?

Answer 3

1. Increase Surface Area (A)
2. Decrease Distance (d)
3. Increase Concentration Difference (Dp)

Question 4

———- can rely on direct diffusion of gases

Through outer surfaces and skin. However, more —— require system adaptations to enhance gas exchange.

Answer 4

1. Unicellular & small organisms

2. Complex organisms

Question 5

What system do insects use instead of a circulatory system for gas exchange?

Answer 5

Tracheal System

Question 6

In a tracheal system, —— supply O2 directly to body cells

Answer 6

Tracheal Tubes

Question 7

What type of respiratory system is most direct & effecient in active animals?

Answer 7

Tracheal System

Question 8

Obtaining O2 is more challenging in — than —. Because of this — breathing requires greater effiecency than — breathing

Answer 8

1. Water
2. Air
3. Water
4. Air

Question 9

How is water breathing acomplished, because it requires greater effiency than air breathing?

Answer 9

1. Very thin respiratory surfaces

2. Unidirectional flow coupled with countercurrent exchange

Question 10

What is the outfolding of body surface?

Answer 10

Evagination

Question 11

Why are gills extremely thin?

Answer 11

To offset low O2 content in water by minimizing diffusive distance

Question 12

Blood flows in the opposite direction of water

Answer 12

Countercurrent Exchange

Question 13

What is an infolding of the body surface?

Answer 13

Invagination

Question 14

Air enters the respiratory system through what?

Answer 14

Nasal Cavity & Pharynx

Question 15

Where does air go after entering through the nasal cavity & pharynx?

Answer 15

It passes through the trachea into the bronchi

Question 16

After air goes into the bronchi where does it go next?

Answer 16

The bronchi branch into bronchiole which brings air into the alveoli

Question 17

What happens in the alveoli?

Answer 17

It is the site of gas exchange

Question 18

The progressive branching creates tremendous —— for gas exchange

Answer 18

Surface Area

Question 19

What do major branches in lungs contain for cleasning the respiratory system?

Answer 19

Mucus & Cilia

Question 20

What are some characteristics of alveoli?

Answer 20

1. Lack cilia & mucus

2. Covered with moist film that coantains surfactant

Question 21

Reduces surface tension & prevents alveoli from collapsing

Answer 21

Surfactant

Question 22

Pre-term babies that lack surfactatn are vulnerable to what?

Answer 22

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

Question 23

The process that ventilates the lungs & is the alternate inhalation & exhalation of air

Answer 23

Breathing

Question 24

Mammals ventilate their lungs by ——— which — air into the lungs

Answer 24

1. Negative Pressure Breathing

2. Pulls

Question 25

Lung volume increases as the rib muscles & diaphragm contract

Answer 25

Inhalation

Question 26

Passive due to elastic recoil of tissues; no muscles are contracted to expel air

Answer 26

Exhalation

Question 27

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathe

Answer 27

Tidal Volume

Question 28

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled & exhaled

Answer 28

Vital Capacity

Question 29

After a full exhalation, a —— of air remains

Answer 29

Residual Volume

Question 30

What makes mammalian breathing somewhat inefficient?

Answer 30

Incomplete removal & shared airway for exhalation & inhalation

Question 31

The main breathing control centers are in what 2 regions of the brainstem?

Answer 31

Medulla Oblongata & Pons

Question 32

What do the medulla oblongata & pons do as the main breathing control center?

Answer 32

Regulate rate & depth of breathing in response to pH changes in cerebrospinal fluid to match metabolic demands

Question 33

Chemosensors in the aorta & carotid arteries monitor — &— concentrations in the blood

Answer 33

O2 & CO2

Question 34

Is the control of breathing in humans a positive or negative feedback loop?

Answer 34

Negative Feedback Loop

Question 35

Amphibians ventilate their lungs by —— breathing, which — air — the trachea

Answer 35

1. Positive Pressure 2. Force 3. Down

Question 36

Amphibians have — that is used for gas exchange

Answer 36

Skin

Question 37

Why do birds require a more efficient breathing(ventilation) system?

Answer 37

- They fly which is a high energy activity & requires a lot of oxygen - Some birds fly at high altitudes where oxygen is low

Question 38

Birds have 8 or 9 air sacs that function as bellows that keep the air — through the —. Instead of alveoli they have —.

Answer 38

1. Flowing 2. Lungs 3. Parabronchi(air tubes)

Question 39

2 Features that make ventilation in birds highly efficient: 1. Air passes through lungs in — direction only 2. Incoming fresh air does —— with air that has already undergone gas exchange

Answer 39

1. One | 2. Not mix

Question 40

A gas diffuses from a region of — partial pressure to a region of — partial pressure

Answer 40

1. Higher | 2. Lower

Question 41

Pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

Answer 41

Partial Pressure

Question 42

Atmospheric pressure= ? Percent of atmospheric O2 = ?% Partial Pressure of O2= ?

Answer 42

Atmospheric Pressure= 760 mmHg Atmospheric O2= 21% by volume Partial Pressure of O2 = 0.21*760= 160 mmHg

Question 43

Why do gases diffuse down pressure gradients in the lungs & other organs?

Answer 43

DIfferences in partial pressure

Question 44

What determines the exchange of respiratory gases (O2 & CO2)?

Answer 44

Partial pressure gradients

Question 45

Partial pressure gradients favor diffusion of O2 into the blood & CO2 in the air Does this occur in alveoli or tissue capillaries?

Answer 45

Alveoli

Question 46

Partial pressure gradients favor diffusion of O2 out of the blood & CO2 into the blood, In what?

Answer 46

Tissue capillaries

Question 47

Does oxygen have high or low solubility in water & blood?

Answer 47

Low

Question 48

Proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

Answer 48

Respiratory Pigments

Question 49

What are the 2 types of respiratory pigments?

Answer 49

1. Hemocycanin | 2. Hemoglobin

Question 50

Is the majority of oxygen transported in the plasma or by the hemoglobin

Answer 50

98% of O2 is bound to hemoglobin

Question 51

Hemoglobin increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood by ——

Answer 51

50-fold

Question 52

A single hemoglobin molecule is made of how many subunit and what kind and amount is their of those subunits?

Answer 52

4 protein subunits: 2 alpha 2 beta

Question 53

In hemoglobin, each subunit contains a — molecule

Answer 53

Heme

Question 54

In hemoglobin, a heme molecule contains an — atom at center that binds to —.

Answer 54

1. Iron | 2. O2

Question 55

Each hemoglobin can carry how many molecules of O2, & each of thos molecules are for heme group?

Answer 55

They can carry 4 molecules of O2, one molecule for each iron containing heme group

Question 56

Among the 4 subunits what facilitates binding & offloading of O2?

Answer 56

Allosteric Cooperation

Question 57

- Binding of first O2 facilitates binding of second - Second facilitates binding of third - Fourth & final O2 is more difficult to bind What shows that these patterns are evident?

Answer 57

Oxygen Equilibrium Curve (Aka Oxygen Dissociation Curve)

Question 58

Where does CO2 from respiring cells go & how does it get there?

Answer 58

It diffuses into blood

Question 59

Where does most CO2 diffuse into, & it reacts with water to form what?

Answer 59

Most diffuses into erythrocytes & reacts with water to form H2CO3 which dissociates H+ & bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

Question 60

During carbon dioxide transport where are HCO3, bicarbonate ions transported?

Answer 60

Plasma

Question 61

Most CO2 is transported to the lungs as — ions in the —

Answer 61

1. HCO3, Bicarbonate | 2. Plasma

Question 62

In the lungs, is the relative partial pressure of CO2 in favor or not in favor of the net diffusion of CO2 out of the blood?

Answer 62

In favor