Viruses

Question 1

Viruses lead a kind of “——“ betweem life-forms and chemicals

Answer 1

Borrowed Life

Question 2

Viruses cannot — or carry out — outside of a host cell

Answer 2

1. reproduce

2. Metabolism

Question 3

Viruses are ——, but rather a very small infectious particle consisting of —— enclosed in a —— and, in some cases, a membranous envelope

Answer 3

1. Not cells
2. Nucleic Acid
3. Protein Coat

Question 4

Viruses may also contain additional —, such as —, to support their — within a host

Answer 4

1. Proteins
2. Enzymes
3. Replication

Question 5

Viral genomes are comprised of one linear or circular nucleid acid molecule encoding — to ——

Answer 5

3 to 2000 gnees

Question 6

Nucleic acid arranged as:

• Double- or single-stranded —
• Double- or single-stranded —

Answer 6

1. DNA

2. RNA

Question 7

—: protein shell that encloses the viral genome - built from protein subunits called —

Answer 7

1. Capsid

2. Capsomeres

Question 8

——: derived from membranes of host cells and surround the capsids of many viruses found in animals

Answer 8

Viral Envelopes

Question 9

What are the 4 virus shapes?

Answer 9

1. Filamentous
2. Icosahedral
3. Enveloped
4. Head & Tail

Question 10

Filamentous(Helical/Rod-Shaped):

• —&—
• Includes many ——, such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

Answer 10

1. Long & Cylindrical

2. Plant Viruses

Question 11

Icosahedral:

• — with — triangular faces
• May contain —— that aid in infection
• Include viruses that cause ——,——,——
• Rarely cause serious — or —

Answer 11

1. Polyhedron
2. 20
3. Protein Spikes
4. Common cold, sore throat, pink eye
5. Illness or death

Question 12

Viral Envelope:

• Derived from the host ——
• Contain a combination of viral and host cell molecules, including —— that aid infection
• Include —— & ——

Answer 12

1. Cell’s membrane
2. Glycoprotein Spikes
3. Influenza Viruses & Coronaviruses

Question 13

Bacteriophages (Phages):
*Viruses that ——
*Have the most complex — found among viruses:
~Elongated icosahedral capsid head that — their DNA
~Rod-shaped tail piece — to the host and — the phage DNA inside

Answer 13

1. Infect Bacteria
2. Capsids
3. Encloses
4. Attaches
5. Injects

Question 14

Viruses are obligate ——

Answer 14

Intracellular Parasites

Question 15

Each virus has a ——: limited number of host cells that it can infect

• Includes both species and cell types:
  
  • E.g., ——— can infect mosquitoes, birds, horses and humans, but — only infects humans
  • E.g., — only infects immune cells

Answer 15

1. Host Range
2. West Nile Virus
3. Measles
4. HIV

Question 16

Infection begins when — binds to a — and the — enters the cells

• Depends on type of virus and host cell
  
  • E.g., injection (bacteriophage) or endocytosis (influenza)

Answer 16

1. Virus
2. Host Cell
3. Genome

Question 17

Once a viral genome has entered, the cell begins to copy the —— and manufacture ——
* Virus makes use of host —,—,—,——,—, and other molecules

Answer 17

1. Viral Genome
2. Viral Proteins
3. Enzymes
4. Ribosomes
5. tRNAs
6. Amino Acids
7. ATP

Question 18

What are the 2 replication mechanisms of Phages?

Answer 18

1. Lytic Cycle

2. Lysogenic Cycle

Question 19

The lytic cycle produces —— & — the hosts cell wall, releasing the ——
* Culminates in the — of the host cell

Answer 19

1. New phages
2. Lyses (breaks open)
3. Progeny Viruses
4. Death

Question 20

A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle is called a ——

Answer 20

Virulent Phage

Question 21

The lysogenic cycle replicates the —— without — the host

Answer 21

1. Phage genome

2. Destroying

Question 22

In the lysogenic cycle the viral DNA molecule becomes incoporated into the host cell’s —
* Once integrated, the viral DNA is known as a —

Answer 22

1. Chromosome

2. Prophage

Question 23

In the lysogenic cycle every time the host divides, it copies the —— and passes the copies to the ——

Answer 23

1. Phage DNA (prophage)

2. Daughter Cells

Question 24

In the lysogenic cycle an environmental stressor can trigger the —— to exit the bacterial chromosomes and switch to the ——

Answer 24

1. Virus Genome

2. Lytic Mode

Question 25

Phages that ise both the lytic and lysogenic cycles are called ——

Answer 25

Temperate phages

Question 26

Many viruses that infect animals have a —— | * —— on the envelope bind to a specific receptor molecules on the surface of a host cell

Answer 26

1. Membranous envelope | 2. Viral glycoproteins

Question 27

After infection, new —— are made and transported to the plasma membrane for production of —— * Viral envelope is formed from the host cell’s —— as the viral capsids exit

Answer 27

1. Capsid glycoproteins 2. New viruses 3. Plasma membrane

Question 28

3 types of single-stranded RNA genomes in animal viruses: * RNA serves directly as — * RNA serves as template for —— (requires viral enzyme) * RNA serves as template for ——— that gets integrated into the host genomic DNA

Answer 28

1. mRNA 2. mRNA Synthesis 3. Synthesis of DNA

Question 29

RNA serves as template for synthesis of DNA that gets integrated into the host genomic DNA * These are known as — * Use the enzyme —— to copy their RNA into DNA * HIV is the retrovirus that causes —

Answer 29

1. Retroviruses 2. Reverse Transcriptase 3. AIDS

Question 30

—: reverse-transcribed viral DNA that integrates into the host genome *Unlike a prophage, a provirus remains a — resident of the host cell

Answer 30

1. Provirus | 2. Permanent

Question 31

The host’s —— transcribes the proviral DNA back into RNA molecules *Function both as — for synthesis of viral proteins and as genomes for new virus particles released from the cell

Answer 31

1. RNA Polymerase | 2. mRNA

Question 32

—: harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the harmful pathogen

Answer 32

Vaccines

Question 33

Viral infections — be treated by antibiotics

Answer 33

Cannot

Question 34

Antiviral drugs can help to —, though not —, viral infections

Answer 34

1. Treat | 2. Cure

Question 35

— and —— are caused by new strains of influenza or other viruses to which people have little immunity

Answer 35

1. Epidemics | 2. Global Pandemics

Question 36

Emerging viruses can aris from 3 processes: *— of existing virus – RNA viruses tend to have unusually high mutation rates ~E.g., seasonal flu epidemics *— from small, isolated populations ~E.g., HIV *Spread from —— (zoonotic) ~E.g., swine flu ~Accounts for ~75% of new human diseases

Answer 36

1. Mutation 2. Dissemination 3. Other Animals

Question 37

Normal seasonal flu viruses are not considered emerging viruses because — of these viruses have been circulating among humans for a — time

Answer 37

1. Variants | 2. Long

Question 38

However, these viruses such as flu still undergo — and — | * Variations thought to be most likely to occur each year are selected to generate —

Answer 38

1. Mutation 2. Reassortment 3. Vaccines

Question 39

COVID-19 Single-strand enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae * Name derived from the Latin corona, meaning crown * 'CO’ short for — * 'VI' for — * 'D' for — * '19' for —

Answer 39

1. Corona 2. Virus 3. Disease 4. 2019

Question 40

COVID-19 is the — SARS-CoV-2 is the — *SARS = ———— *Closely related to coronaviruses isolated from bat populations

Answer 40

1. Disease 2. Virus 3. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Question 41

Virus enters the body through binding of viral —— to ———— receptors on host cells

Answer 41

1. Spike proteins | 2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)

Question 42

COVID-19 is abundant in epitheliem of —, — & —, but also present in —,——,—, — & —— * Infection ususally begins in —

Answer 42

1. Nose, mouth, & lungs 2. Heart, blood vessels, kidney, liver, & GI Tract 3. Nose

Question 43

COVID-19: | ACE2 modulates angiotensin II (ANG II) which acts to increase —

Answer 43

Inflammation

Question 44

COVID_19: Without ACE2, — proceeds without “breaks” to harmful levels *In addition to respiratory distress, can lead to ——,——, & —

Answer 44

1. Inflammation 2. Vessel Damage 3. Blood Clots 4. Strokes

Question 45

More than — types of viral diseases of plants are known and cause spots on leaves and fruits, stunted growth, and damaged flowers or roots

Answer 45

2,000

Question 46

Most plant viruses have an ——

Answer 46

RNA genome

Question 47

What are the 2 major routes plant viruses spread disease?

Answer 47

1. Horizaontal Transmission | 2. Vertical Transmission

Question 48

——, from external source entering through damaged cell walls, e.g., from herbivores or pruning

Answer 48

Horizontal Transmission

Question 49

——, inheriting the virus from a parent

Answer 49

Vertical Transmission