Plant Reproduction Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
The key features of the angiosperm life cycle are characterized by the tree F’s: —, ——, and —
A
- Flowers
- Double fertilization
- Fruits
2
Q
Flowers are the reproductive shoots of the ——
* Attach to a part of the stem called the —
A
- Angiosperm Sporophyte
2. Receptacle
3
Q
4 floral organs:
- — and — are sporophylls: leaves specialized for reproduction
- — and — are sterile modified leaves
A
- Stamen
- Carpel
- Petals
- Sepals
4
Q
——: contain all 4 floral organs
A
Complete flowers
5
Q
——: lack one or more floral organs
A
Incomplete flowers
6
Q
—: evolution of interacting species in response to changes in each other
A
Coevolution
7
Q
Shapes and sizes if flowers often correspond to the —transporting parts of their — pollinators
*E.g. Darwin correctly predicting a moth with a 28 cm long tongue based on the morphology of a particular flower
A
- Pollen
2. Animal
8
Q
The angiosperm life cycle includes:
- — development
- — delivery by ——
- ——
- — development
A
- Gametophyte
- Sperm
- Pollen tubes
- Double fertilization
- Seed development
9
Q
The ——, or female Gametophyte, develops within the megasporangium of the ovule
A
Embryo sac
10
Q
—— surround each megasporangium, except at the —
A
- 2 integuments
2. Micropyle
11
Q
The megasporocyte within the megasporangium undergoes meiosis, producing 4 —, only — of which survives (others degenerates)
A
- Megaspores
2. One
12
Q
The Megaspore divides — with out cytokinesis, producing a large cells with —— nuclei
A
- 3x
2. Eight haploid
13
Q
The large cell with eight haploid nuclei is then partitioned with membrane into a multicellular female gametophyte, the ——
A
Embryo sac
14
Q
—— develops into the embryo
A
1 egg
15
Q
——— help attract & guide the pollen tube
A
2 synergid cells
16
Q
——— of unknown function
A
3 antipodal cells
17
Q
——— are not partitioned into separated cells
* Combine with one sperm nuclei to the — nucleus of the large central cell
A
- 2 polar nuclei
2. Triploid
18
Q
Each anther develops —— (pollen sacs) containing microsporocytes
A
4 microsporangia
19
Q
Each micro-sporophyte produces ——— by —
A
- 4 haploid Microspores
2. Meiosis
20
Q
Each Microspores undergoes mitosis to produce a gametophyte consisting of 2 cells: —— and ——
- This gametophyte and spore wall constitute a ——
- During maturation, the generative cells passes into the ——
A
- Generative cell
- Tube cell
- Pollen grain
- Tube cell
21
Q
pollination is the transfer of — from an — to a —
A
- Pollen
- Anther
- Stigma
22
Q
Pollen grain absorbs water and germinate producing a ——: delivers the sperm produced by the generative cell in the vicinity of the female gametophyte
* Tube growth directed by —— provided by ——
A
- Pollen tube
- chemical attractants
- Synergid cells
23
Q
Sperm delivery by pollen tubes:
- As pollen tubes elongate through the —, generative cell divides producing ——
- Arrival of pollen tube initiates — of one of the synergid cells allowing passage into the ——
A
- Style
- 2 sperm
- Embryo sac
24
Q
Double Fertilization:
- Due to — of 2 sperm into the ——
- One fertilizes the egg, the other combines with the polar nuclei, giving rise to the triploid food-storing —
A
- Discharge
- Embryo sac
- Endosperm
25
Double fertilization:
* — develops into a seed
* Ovary develops into — enclosing the —
* When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a new —
1. Ovule
2. Fruit
3. Seed
4. Sporophyte
26
The process of how a seed develops into a flowering plant includes:
* — development
* — development
* Seed —
* seed —
* — development
* —
1. Endosperm
2. Embryo
3. Dormancy
4. Germination
5. Seedling
6. Flowering
27
Endosperm development usually precedes — development
* Triploid nucleus of cell divides forming ——— with milky consistency
* Subsequently, becomes — by cytokinesis and cell wall formation forming solid endosperm, or “meat”
1. Embryo
2. Multinucleate “super cell” endosperm
3. Multicellular
28
Nutrients can be stored in 2 ways:
* In most Monocots and many Eudicots, the — stores nutrients that can be used by the —
* In other eudicots, the food reserves of the endopserm are exported to the — (i.e., the mature seed lacks endosperm)
1. Endosperm
2. Seeding
3. Cotyledons
29
First mitotic division produces:
* ——: gives rise to the pro embryo
* ——: produces thread of cells called the —
~ Anchors to parent and helps in transferring nutrients to embryo
1. Terminal cell
2. Basal cell
3. Suspensor
30
Cotyledons (primordial leaves) develop from the —
| * — cotyledons for Eudicots and — for Monocots
1. Pro embryo
2. Two
3. One
31
Shoot and root apexes form between cotyledons and at site of ——, respectively
Suspensor attachment
32
Embryo and its food supply are enclosed by a hard, protective ——
Seed coat
33
During last stages of maturation, the seed —
| * Mature seed is only about ——% water
1. Dehydrates
| 2. 5-15%
34
Enters a state of —
| * Stops growing and metabolism nearly ceases
Dormancy
35
In some Eudicots the embryo consists of: embryonic axis attached to 2 thick — packed with — absorbed from the —
1. Cotyledons
2. Carbohydrates
3. Endosperm
36
—: embryonic axis below the cotyledons; terminates in the —(embryonic root)
1. Hypocotyl
| 2. Radicle
37
—: embryonic axis above the cotyledons
Epicotyl
38
The seeds of some other Eudicots, such as castor beans, have — cotyledons
* Absorb nutrients from endosperm when the seed —
1. Thin
| 2. Germinates
39
Monocots embryo has — cotyledon
One
40
Grasses, such as maize and wheat, have a special cotyledon called a —
* large surface area that aids in endosperm — during germination
1. Scutellum
| 2. Germination
41
2 sheathes enclose the embryo of a grass seed:
* — covers the young shoot
* — covers the young root
* Aid is soil — after germination
1. Coleoptile
2. Coleorhiza
3. Penetration
42
Increases chances that germination will occur at a time and place most — to the —
1. Advantageous
| 2. Seedling
43
The breaking of seed dormancy often requires environmental cues, such as:
* Substantial —
* — or — temperature
* Changes in —
1. Rainfall
2. Cold
3. Warm
4. Light
44
Most seeds remain viable after a year or two of —
| * Some last only days; others remain viable for centuries
Dormancy
45
Depends on —: uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed
* Causes seed to — and — its coat
* Activates enzymes that digest —— for transfer of nutrients to growing parts of embryo
1. Imbibition
2. Expand
3. Rupture
4. Storage material
46
The —(embryonic root) emerges first. Next, the —— breaks through the soil surface
1. Radicle
| 2. Shoot Tip
47
In many Eudicots, a — forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes the hook above ground
Hook
48
— causes the hook to straighten and pull the cotyledons and shoot tip up
Light
49
In maize and other grasses, which are —, the coleoptile pushes up through the soil. Creates a — for the shoot tip to grow though
1. Monocots
| 2. Tunnel
50
—: mature ovary of a flower
* protects the — seeds
* Aids in seed — by wind or animals
1. Fruit
2. Enclosed
3. Dispersal
51
A fruit may be classified as:
* —: ovary dries out at maturity
* —: ovary remains fleshy at maturity
1. Dry
| 2. Fleshy
52
—: develops from a single or several fused carpels
Simple
53
—: develops from a single flower with multiple separate carpels
Aggregate
54
—: develops from a group of flowers called an inflorescence
Multiple
55
——: contains other floral parts in addition to ovaries
Accessory fruit
56
Many angiosperm species reproduce both asexually and sexually
* ——: results in a clone of genetically identical organisms
* ——: results in offspring that are genetically different from their parents
1. Asexual Reproduction
| 2. Sexual Reproduction
57
—: separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants
* E.g. potato “eye” (vegetative bud)
* ——: arise from parent plant’s root system and become separate shoot systems; E.g., Aspen trees
1. Fragmentation
| 2. Adventitious Shoots
58
—: Asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell
Apomixis
59
Advantages of asexual reproduction:
* No need for — – beneficial when sparsely distributed
* Pass on — genes instead of half – beneficial in a stable environment, but more vulnerable to local extinction if there is an environmental change
* — (vegetative fragments) generally stronger than seedlings produced by sexual reproduction
* A lot of — used in flowering and fruiting associated with sexual reproduction
1. Pollinator
2. All
3. Progeny
4. Energy
60
Advantages of sexual reproduction:
* —— is advantageous in unstable environments
* Seeds (almost always produced sexually) facilitate — to more distant locations
* Seed — allows suspension of growth until conditions are more favorable
1. Genetic Variation
2. Dispersal
3. Dormancy
61
Some flowers can —— to ensure that every ovule will develop into a seed
Self-fertilize
62
However, “—“ rescues genetic diversity among offspring
Selfing
63
Many angiosperms have mechanisms that make it difficult or impossible for a flower to ——
Self fertilize
64
— species have staminate flowers (lacking carpels) and carpellate flowers (lacking stamens) on separate plants
Dioecious
65
Others have — and — that mature at different times it are arranged to prevent selfing
1. Stamens
| 2. Carpels
66
——: a plants ability to reject its own pollen or close relatives
Self-incompatibility
67
Self-Incompatibility:
* —— mechanism
* Results from a biochemical block that prevents — from completing — and — egg
* — to the immune response of animals, except rejects self instead of non self
* — of self pollen is based on genes called s-genes
1. Most common
2. Pollen
3. Development
4. Fertilizing
5. Analogous
6. Recognition
68
Humans have intervened in the — and — makeup of plants for thousands of years
1. Reproduction
| 2. Genetic
69
— is common in nature and has been used by breeders to introduce new genes
Hybridization
70
Plant biotechnology has 2 meanings:
* In a general sense: refers to — in the use of plants to make useful products
* In a specific sense: refers to use of ——— in agriculture and industry
1. Innovations
| 2. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
71
— organisms: those that have been engineered to express a gene from another species
Transgenic
72
Genetically modified plants may increase the — and — of food worldwide
1. Quality
| 2. Quantity
73
Transgenic crops have been developed that:
* Produce — to defend them against insect pests
* Tolerate — used to weed crops
* Resist specific —
* Improve — quality
1. Proteins
2. Herbicides
3. Diseases
4. Nutritional
74
—: fuels derived from living biomass
Biofuels
75
Biofuels can be produced by rapidly growing crops such as — and — that can grow on soil too poor for food production
1. Switchgrass
| 2. Poplar
76
Biofuels would produce a ——— and reduce the net emission of —
1. Carbon neutral cycle
| 2. CO2
