Plant Form & Physiology Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Basic morphology of vascular plants reflects their evolution as organisms that draw nutrients from — ground and — ground
A
- Below
2. Above
2
Q
Vascular plants take up — and — from below ground
A
- Water
2. Minerals
3
Q
Vascular plants take up — and — from above ground
A
- CO2
2. Light
4
Q
Three basic organs evolved: —,—, & —
* Organized into a —— and a —— connected by vascular tissue
A
- Roots
- stems
- Leaves
- Root System
- Shoot System
5
Q
Shoots rely on — and — absorbed by the — system
A
- Water
- Minerals
- Root
6
Q
Roots rely on — produced by — in the — systems
A
- Sugar
- Photosynthesis
- Shoot
7
Q
Roots important functions:
* — the plant
* Absorbs — and —
~ In most plants, vast numbers of tiny —— increase the surface area
* Often stores — and other nutrients
A
- Anchors
- Minerals
- Water
- Root Hairs
- Carbohydrates
8
Q
——: first root to emerge from germinating seed
A
Primary root
9
Q
——: branch form primary root
- Improve —
- Most water absorption occurs at —
A
- Lateral Roots
- Anchorage
- Tips
10
Q
——: generally found in tall plants with large shoot masses
A
Taproot system
11
Q
———:
- Primary root dies early on and does not form a taproot
- Instead, form a thick mat of slender roots that emerge form the stem, known as ——
A
- Fibrous Root System
2. adventitious Roots
12
Q
Many plants have root adaptations with — functions
A
Specialized
13
Q
Stems consist of:
- —: alternating points at which leaves attached
- —: the stem segments between nodes
A
- Nodes
2. Internodes
14
Q
Stems primary function is to — and — the shoot to maximize —
A
- Elongate
- Orient
- Photosynthesis
15
Q
——: located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot
A
Apical Bud
16
Q
——: a structure that has the potential to form a lateral branch or, in some cases, a thorn or flower
A
Axillary bud
17
Q
Many plants have modified stems:
* Serve alternative functions e.g., —— or ——
A
- Food storage
2. Asexual reproduction
18
Q
— are the main photosynthetic organs of most vascular plants
A
Leaves
19
Q
Leaves also:
- exchange —
- — heat
- Serve as defense against — and —
A
- Gases
- Dissipate
- Herbivores
- Pathogens
20
Q
Leaves generally consist of a flattened — and a stalk called the —, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem
A
- Blade
2. Petiole
21
Q
Leaves:
* Most Monocots have — veins * Most eudicots have — veins
A
- Parallel
2. Branching
22
Q
In classifying angiosperms, taxonomists may use leaf — as a criterion
A
Morphology
23
Q
Each plant organ has 3 types of tissue:
- —
- —
- —
A
- Dermal
- Vascular
- Ground
24
Q
each tissue type of plant organs forms a ——
A
Tissue system
25
Each tissue system in plant organs is ——
Continuous throughout
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—— plants: consists of a single dermal tissue, the —
| * A waxy coating called the — helps prevent water loss from the epidermis
1. Non woody
2. Epidermis
3. Cuticle
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— plants: protective tissue called — replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
1. Woody
| 2. Periderm
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Specialized epidermal cells:
* ——: facilitate gas exchange in shoots
* —: hair-like outgrowths of the shoot epidermis
~ Can help with — defense, reduce — loss, reflect excess —
1. Guard cells
2. Trichomes
3. Insect
4. Water
5. Light
29
The vascular tissue system facilitates — of materials through the plant and provides ——
1. Materials
| 2. Mechanical Support
30
The 2 vascular tissues are:
* —: conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots
* —: transports sugars from where they are made (usually leaves) to storage structures and sites of growth
* Collectively, the vascular tissue is called the —
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
3. Stele
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Ground tissue system:
| * Tissues that are neither — nor —
1. Dermal
| 2. Vascular
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—: ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue
Pith
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—: ground tissue external to the vascular tissue
Cortex
34
Ground tissue includes cells specialized for —, —, and —
1. Storage
2. Photosynthesis
3. Support
35
The major types of plant cells are:
* —
* —
* —
* — conducting cells of the xylem
* — conducting cells of the phloem
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
4. Water
5. Sugar
36
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Mature parenchyma cells:
*Have — and — primary walls
*Generally lack — walls
*Have a large central —
*Perform the most — functions
~Synthesize and store organic products – photosynthesis occurs in parenchyma of leaves
*Retain the ability to — and —
~E.g., during wound repair
```
1. Thin & Flexible
2. Secondary
3. Vacuole
4. Metabolic
5. Divide & differentiate
37
Collenchyma Cells:
| * grouped in — and provide — support for — parts of the plant shoot
1. Strands
2. Flexible
3. Young
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Collenchyma Cells:
| * Have unevenly — — cell walls
1. Thickened
| 2. Primary
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Collenchyma cells are living at —
Maturity
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Sclerenchyma cells also provide support, but are more — than Collenchyma because thick — walls strengthened with — function as plant “skeleton
1. Rigid
2. Secondary
3. Lignin
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Sclerenchyma cells are dead at — maturity
Functional
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2 types of Sclerenchyma cells:
* —: short and irregular and have thick lignified secondary walls
* —: long and slender and arranged in threads
1. Sclereids
| 2. Fibers
43
Water conducting cells have 2 types both are dead and lignified at maturity:
1. —
2. ——
1. Tracheids
| 2. Vessel Elements
44
Tracheids:
* Found in — of all vascular plants
* — alignment
* Water moves between —
1. Xylem
2. Tapered
3. Pits
45
Vessel Elements:
* Common to — and a few —
* Aligned end to end to form long pipes called —
* Water moves through ——
1. Angiosperms
2. Gymnosperms
3. Vessels
4. Perforation plates
46
Sugar conducting cells of the phloem are alive at — maturity, but lack —
1. Functional
| 2. Organelles
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Sugar conducting cells of the phloem:
| * Seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms use long, narrow ——
Sieve cells
48
Angiosperms have ——:
* ———: chains of cells that lack organelles
* ——: porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells
* ——: associated with each sieve-tube element via —
1. Sieve Tubes
2. Sieve-Tube Elements
3. Sieve Plates
4. Companion Cell
5. Plasmodesmata
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——: most animals and some plant organs stop growing at a certain size
Determinate Growth
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——: plants grow throughout life
| * Occurs at —, perpetually dividing, unspecialized tissues
1. Indeterminate Growth
| 2. Meristems
51
2 Types of Meristems:
* —: primary growth(length)
* —: secondary growth (thickness)
1. Apical
| 2. Lateral
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Meristems give rise to 2 cell types:
* — (stem cells): remain in the meristem and produce new cells
* Others are —, differentiate and become incorporated into mature tissues and organs
1. Initials
| 2. Displaced
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Apical Meristems are located at the tips of — and —
1. Roots
| 2. Shoots
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Apical Meristems enable growth in —, or ——
1. Length
| 2. Primary growth
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Apical Meristems produce all, or nearly all, of —— for — plants
1. Plant body
| 2. Herbaceous (non-woody)
56
Apical meristems give rise to 3 primary meristems: tissues generated during primary growth that will give rise to the mature tissues of the plant
* —: produces dermal tissue
* —: produces ground tissue
* —: produces vascular tissue
1. Protoderm
2. Ground meristems
3. Procambium
57
lateral meristems produce growth in — in part of roots and stems of woody plants that no longer grow in length, known as ——
1. Thickness
| 2. Secondary growth
58
Two Types of lateral meristems:
* ——: adds layers of vascular tissue called ——(wood) and —-
* ——:replaces the epidermis with —, which is thicker and tougher
1. Vascular cambium
2. Secondary xylem
3. Secondary phloem
4. Cork cambium
5. Periderm
59
In woody plants, primary growth and secondary growth occur simultaneously but in different —
Locations
60
During growing season:
* Primary growth extends —
* Secondary growth increases — of parts formed in previous years
1. Shoots
| 2. Diameter
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During winter, the dormant apical bud is enclosed by — that protects ——
1. Scales
| 2. Apical meristem
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In spring, the bud sheds its — and begins — growth
1. Scales
| 2. Primary
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Bud scars form from shed —— and delineate each years growth
Bud scales
64
The root tip is covered by a ——, which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil
Root cap
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Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in 3 zones of cells:
* Zone of ——
* Zone of —, where most growth occurs
* Zone of —, or maturation
1. Cell division
2. Elongation
3. Differentiation
66
Primary growth produces the —, ——, and ——
1. Epidermis
2. Ground tissue
3. Vascular tissue
67
In most eudicots, the xylem is —— in appearance with phloem between the arms
Star like
68
In many Monocots, a core of — cells is surrounded by alternating rings of xylem and phloem
Parenchyma
69
Ground tissue fills the cortex: region between the —— and —
1. Vascular cylinder
| 2. Epidermis
70
The innermost layer of the cortex is called the —
| * regulates passage of substances from the — into the ——
1. Endodermis
2. Soil
3. Vascular cylinder
71
Lateral roots arise from within the —, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder and push through the cortex and epidermis
Pericycle
72
Shoot apical meristem: — shaped mass of dividing cells at the — tip
1. Dome
| 2. Shoot
73
Leaves develop from —— along the sides of the apical meristem
Leaf primordia
74
Shoot elongation is due to lengthening of —
Internode
75
—— develop from meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia
Axillary buds
76
Axillary buds serve at —— for — shoots
1. Apical meristems
| 2. Lateral
77
——: Axillary buds are kept dormant by chemical communication from the apical bud
Apical dominance
78
The closer the Axillary bud is to the apical meristem the more — it is
Inhibited
79
In most Eudicots, the vascular tissue of shoots consists of —— arranged in a —
1. Vascular bundles
| 2. Ring
80
In most Monocots, the vascular bundles are — throughout the — tissue, rather than forming a ring
1. Scattered
| 2. Ground
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Epidermis contains —, pores that allow CO2 and O2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf
* Also major avenues for — loss of water
1. Stomata
| 2. Evaporative
82
Each stomata pore is flanked by two ——, which regulate its opening and closing
Guard cells
83
—: leaf ground tissue sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis
Mesophyll
84
Often 2 distinct layers in eudicots:
* The upper ——
* The lower ——; loose arrangement allows for gas exchange
1. Palisade mesophyll
| 2. Spongy mesophyll
85
—: vascular tissue of a leaf
* Are continuous with the vascular tissue of the —
* Each is enclosed by a protective ——
1. Veins
2. Stem
3. Bundle sheath
86
Tissue organization of leaves functions:
* Deliver — and — to — tissue
* Also function as leaf’s —
1. Water
2. Nutrients
3. Photosynthetic
4. Skeleton
87
Secondary growth:
* Characteristic of — and many —, but rare in Monocots
* Primary growth and secondary growth occur —
1. Gymnosperm
2. Eudicots
3. Simultaneously
88
Secondary growth consists of the tissues produced by cylinders of meristematic cells, called —
Initials
89
——: adds vascular components (secondary xylem and phloem) to increase vascular flow and support
Vascular cambium
90
——: produces tough, thick covering of waxy cells for protection and to prevent water loss
Cork cambium
91
The — increase the vascular cambium’s circumference:
* Add —— to the inside
* Add —— to the outside
* Most of — is from secondary xylem
1. Initials
2. Secondary xylem
3. Secondary phloem
4. Thickening
92
Secondary xylem accumulates as — and consists mainly of Tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers
Wood
93
In temperate regions:
* ——: formed in the spring, has larger thin walled cells to maximize water delivery
* ——: formed in late summer, has smaller thick walled cells that contribute more to support
* —— of perennials is inactive through the winter
1. Early wood
2. Late wood
3. Vascular cambium
94
——: visible where late and early wood meet
| * can be used to estimate ——
1. Growth rings
| 2. Tree’s age
95
—: the analysis of tree ring growth patterns
| * Can be used to study past ——
1. Dendrochronology
| 2. Climate change
96
Cork cambium gives rise to —— that accumulate to the exterior of the cork cambium
* As mature, cork cells deposit waxy — in their walls before dying
* Waxy cork layer protects against water —, —, & —
1. Cork cells
2. Suberin
3. Loss, damage, pathogens
97
—: consists of the cork cambium and the cork
Periderm
98
Primary and secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:
| * Primary growth nears completion and the —— had just formed
Vascular cambium
99
Primary and secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:
| * Only secondary growth. —— forms secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside
Vascular Cambium
100
Primary and Secondary in a two-year-old woody stem:
| *As vascular cambium diameter increases, —— can’t keep pace (no longer divide) and eventually —.
1. External tissues
| 2. Rupture
101
Primary and Secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:
* Cork cambium develops from —— in the the —
~ Produces cork cells that replace the —
1. Parenchyma cells
2. Cortex
3. Epidermis
102
Primary and Secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:
* Additional —— and — and — are produced. Outermost tissues rupture and are sloughed off. — consists of all tissues exterior to the vascular cambium
1. Secondary Xylem & Phloem & Cork
| 2. Bark
103
Cell division in meristems increases the number of — and therefore the — for —
1. Cells
2. Potential
3. Growth
104
But, plant growth itself is due to ——
Cell elongation
105
New cell walls form in a plane(direction) — to the main axis of cell expansion
Perpendicular
106
——: concentration of microtubules into a ring
| * Predicts the future — of cell division
1. Preprophase Band
| 2. Plane
107
Cell fate is determined by the — of cell division, the distribution of — between — cells
1. Symmetry
2. Cytoplasm
3. Daughter
108
— cell division signals a key event in development
* E.g. the formation of guard cells involves both asymmetrical cell division and a change in the plane of cell division
Asymmetrical
109
Plant cells grow rapidly and “cheaply” by — and — of — in vacuoles
1. Intake
2. Storage
3. Water
110
Plant cells expand primarily along the plants main —
Axis
111
—— in the cell wall restrict the direction of cell elongation
* Expansion occurs — to the orientation of the microfibrils
1. Cellulose microfibrils
| 2. Perpendicular
