Osmotic Regualtion & Excretion

Question 1

Physiological systems of animals operate in a —envirement

Answer 1

Fluid

Question 2

Relative concentrations of — and — must be maintained within fairly nairly limits

Answer 2

1. Water

2. Solutes

Question 3

Controls solute concentrations and balances water gain & loss

Answer 3

Osmoregulation

Question 4

Osmoregulation is largely based on — movements of — between — fluids and the — environment

Answer 4

1. Controlled
2. Solutes
3. Internal
4. External

Question 5

Freshwater Animals face — environments

Answer 5

diluting

Question 6

Desert and marine animals face — environments

Answer 6

Desiccating

Question 7

Animals that face diluting environments show adaptations that ———, Conserve — and ——

Answer 7

1. Eliminate Excess Water
2. Solutes
3. Uptake salts

Question 8

Animals that face desiccating environments show adaptations that ——, & eliminate ——

Answer 8

1. Conserve Water

2. Excess Salts

Question 9

Excretion rids the body of —— and other waste products

Answer 9

1. Nitrogenous metabolites

Question 10

Systems for — & — are often linked

Answer 10

Osmoregualtion & Excretion

Question 11

Concentration of a dissolved substance

Units: moles per liter of a solution

Answer 11

Molarity

Question 12

Concentration of all solutes that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a solution
Units: Osmoles per liter of a solution

Answer 12

Osmolarity

Question 13

Osmolarity determines the — of water across a —— membrane

Answer 13

1. Movement

2. Selectivley permeable

Question 14

What are the 3 possible scenarios of osmosis

Answer 14

1. Isomotic
2. Hyposmotic
3. Hyperosmotic

Question 15

Same concentration of solutes

Answer 15

Isomotic

Question 16

Lower relative concentration of solutes

Answer 16

Hyposmotic

Question 17

Higher realtive concentration of solutes

Answer 17

Hyperosmotic

Question 18

Net flow of water is from the — to the — solution until osmotic pressure is balanced by hydrostatic pressure

Answer 18

1. Hyposmotic

2. Hyperosmotic

Question 19

— is the concentration of solutes in a surrounding fluid, relative to that within the cell

Answer 19

Tonicity

Question 20

What 2 things have animals used as adapted strategies for dealing with osmotic challenges?

Answer 20

1. Osmoconformers

2. Osmoregulators

Question 21

Osmoconformers are — with their surroundings and ——regulate their osmolarity

Answer 21

1. Isomotic

2. Do NOT

Question 22

Osmoregulators expend — to control water — & — in a — or — environment

Answer 22

1. Energy
2. Uptake & Loss
3. Hyperosmotic or Hyposmotic

Question 23

Conformers maintain the line of —, while regualtors help to maintain — & —

Answer 23

1. Conformity

2. Stability & Homeostasis

Question 24

Most animals are —; they cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

Answer 24

1. Stenohaline

Question 25

— Animals can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity, common in estuaries and tidal pools

Answer 25

Euryhaline

Question 26

Osmoregulation in freshwater animal: | Diffusive — gain, and the diffusive — loss

Answer 26

1. Water | 2. Ion

Question 27

Osmoregulation in seawater animals: | Diffusive — gain, then diffusive — loss

Answer 27

1. Ion | 2. Water

Question 28

Virtually all freshwater animals are —

Answer 28

Osmoregualtors

Question 29

Freshwater animals constantly lose — and gain — by diffusion from their — environments

Answer 29

1. Salts 2. Water 3. Hyposmotic

Question 30

Freshwater animals maintain osmotic balance by, excreting large ammounts of ——, and replacing — by —— across the gills and diet

Answer 30

1. Dilute Urine 2. Salts 3. Active Uptake

Question 31

Most marine invertabrate are —

Answer 31

Osmoconformers

Question 32

Most marine vertabrates and some invertebrate are —

Answer 32

Osmoregulators

Question 33

Marine animals constantly lose — by osmosis and gain — by diffusion

Answer 33

1. Water | 2. Salt

Question 34

Marine animals maintain osmotic balance by: Drinking — and excreting — across gills Excreting salts and retaining water by — Diet also contributes to — & — uptake

Answer 34

1. Seawater, Salts 2. Kidney’s 3. Salt & Water

Question 35

Land animals must make adaptaion to reduce ——, which is key to survival on land

Answer 35

1. Water Loss

Question 36

These are adaptations what kind of animals have made to help reduce water loss? - Body covering help prevent dehydration - SOme, including desert animals, adopt a nocturnal lifestyle

Answer 36

Land Animals

Question 37

Land animals maintain water balance largely by — & — — food

Answer 37

1. Drinking 2. Eating 3. Moist

Question 38

Osmoregulator must —— to maintain osmotic gradients

Answer 38

Expend Energy

Question 39

The amount of expeneded energy to maintain osmotic gradients differs based on: - How different the animals — is from its — - How easily —&— move across the animals surface

Answer 39

1. Osmolarity, Surroundings | 2. Water & Solutes

Question 40

Among the most significant wastes are — breakdown products of — & ——

Answer 40

1. Nitrogenous | 2. Proteins & Nucleic Acids

Question 41

The form in which the nitrogenous waste take depends on —&—, largely — availability

Answer 41

1. Phylogeny & Habitat | 2. Water

Question 42

What are the 3 forms of nitrogenous waste?

Answer 42

1. Ammonia (NH3) 2. Urea 3. Uric Acid

Question 43

Direct produc tof protein and nucleic acid catbolism can be converted into urea & uric acid

Answer 43

Ammonia (NH3)

Question 44

Most excretory systems produce urine by refining a — derived from — or —

Answer 44

1. Filtrate | 2. Blood or Hemolymph

Question 45

4 key functions of most excretory systems

Answer 45

1. Filtration 2. reabsorbtion 3. Secretion 4. Excretion

Question 46

Filtering of body fluids

Answer 46

Filtration

Question 47

reclaiming of valuable solutes

Answer 47

Reabsorbtion

Question 48

Adding noessential solutes and wastes from the body fluids to the filtrate

Answer 48

Secretion

Question 49

Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes are released from the body

Answer 49

Excretion

Question 50

What organ is the main osmoregulatory/excretory organ of vertabrates?

Answer 50

Kidneys

Question 51

The kidney’s Function(3) in …

Answer 51

1. Excretion: elimination of wastes and toxicants 2. Osmoregulation: solute and water balance 3. Acid/base balance: maintaining blood pH

Question 52

Human kidney’s are located on — sideof vertebral column, just below the —

Answer 52

1. Either | 2. Diaphragm

Question 53

Each kidney is connected to a — that drain urine from the kidney to the —— where stored until voided through —

Answer 53

1. Ureter 2. Urinary Bladder 3. Urethra

Question 54

Nephron organization for stepwise processing of Blood filtrate

Answer 54

1. filtration 2. reabsorbtion 3. Secretion 4. Excretion

Question 55

The blood filtrate produced in Bowman’s capsule contains —,—,——,—,——, & other small molecules * Initial Concentrations are — as in plasma

Answer 55

1. Salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous waste | 2. Same

Question 56

The mammalian kidney’s ability to —— is a key terrestrial adaptation

Answer 56

Conserve Water

Question 57

Hyperosmotic urine can be produced only because considerable energy is — to transport — against ——

Answer 57

1. Expended 2. Solutes 3. Concentration Gradients

Question 58

The two primary solutes affecting osmolartity are — & —

Answer 58

NaCl & Urea

Question 59

In the proximal tubule, — & — are reabsorbed | - FIltrate volume —, but its osmolarity remains the —

Answer 59

1. Water & Salt 2. Decreases 3. Same

Question 60

The loop of Henle maintains a high — concentration in the kidney to reabsorb — - Utilizes a ———

Answer 60

1. salt 2. Water 3. Countercurrent Multiplier System

Question 61

Considerable energy is expended to maintain the osmotic gradient between the — & — - For its size the kidney has one of the — metabolic rates of any organ

Answer 61

1. Medulla & Cortex | 2. Highest

Question 62

Mammals control the — & — of urine

Answer 62

Volume & Osmolarity

Question 63

Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) regulates —— by making the collecting duct epithelium more — to water

Answer 63

1. Water retention | 2. Permeable

Question 64

An — in blood osmolarity triggers the release of ADH by the —— which helps to conserve water

Answer 64

1. Increase | 2. Posterior Pituitary

Question 65

Osmoreceptor cells in the — monitor — osmolarity and regulate release of — from the posterior pituitary

Answer 65

1. Hypothalamus 2. Blood 3. ADH

Question 66

When osmolarity rises above its set point, ADH release —

Answer 66

Increases

Question 67

When osmolarity drops below a set point, ADH release —

Answer 67

Decreases

Question 68

— & — Inhibit the release of ADH

Answer 68

Alcohol & Caffeine