Seedless Plant Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
History of life on Earth’s terrestrial surface:
- First 3 billion years: —
- 1.2 Billion years ago: —
- ~500 million years ago: ——,—, & —
A
- Lifeless
- Cyanobacteria
- Small plants, fungi, & animals
2
Q
Evolutionary transition from water to land imposed severe constraints to plants:
- ——
- Less —— against gravity
- compete for —
- Dispersal of —
A
- Drying out
- Structural support
- Sunlight
- Gametes
3
Q
Most present day plants live on —, though a few species returned to — habitats
A
- Land
2. Aquatic
4
Q
Most seedless plants still require a — environment
A
Moist
5
Q
Benefits to living on land:
* —— * More plentiful — * Nutrients — soil
A
- Unfiltered sunlight
- CO2
- Rich
6
Q
Green algae called — are the closest relatives of land plants
A
Charophytes
7
Q
Occasional desiccation in charro-hates around edges of ponds/lakes led to evolution of —
A
Sporopollenin
8
Q
Sporopollenin is a durable — that prevents —— from drying out
A
- Polymer
2. Algal zygotes
9
Q
Sporopollenin is also found in plant ——: probably allowed them to live permanently above the —
A
- Spore walls
2. Waterline
10
Q
Several key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes:
* Alteration of generations
~ Multicellular —
~ Multicellular, ——
* Walled — produced in sporangia
* ——
A
- Gametangia
- Dependent embryos
- Spores
- Apical meristems
11
Q
Plants alternate between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms: haploid — and diploid —
A
- Gametophytes
2. Sporophytes
12
Q
Each gives rise to the other: — of —
A
Alteration of generations
13
Q
Gametophyte generation is — in — plants
A
- Dominant
2. Lower
14
Q
Sporophyte generation is — in more — plants
A
- Dominant
2. Derived (highly evolved)
15
Q
—: multicellular organs where gametes are produced
A
Gametangia
16
Q
—: produces a single non-motile egg and are the site of fertilization
A
Archegonia (female)
17
Q
—: produces and releases sperm
A
Antheridia (male)
18
Q
Diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the —— for — and —
A
- Female gametophyte
- Protection
- Nutrients
19
Q
Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through ———
A
Placental transfer cells
20
Q
Plants are called — because of dependency of embryo on the parent
A
Embryophytes
21
Q
Sporophyte produces spores in multicellular organs called —
A
Sporangia
22
Q
Within sporangia, diploid — undergo meiosis to generate haploid —
A
- Sporophytes
2. Spores
23
Q
Spore walls contain — to resists — environments
A
- Sporopollenin
2. Harsh
24
Q
Plants sustain continual growth in their ——: localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots
A
Apical meristems
25
Apical Meristems:
| * These cells differentiate into ——
Various tissues
26
—: a waxy covering of the epidermis
| * reduces — & — attacks
1. Cuticle
2. Desiccation
3. Microbial
27
—: specialized pore for exchange of CO2 & O2
Stomata
28
—: symbiotic relationship with fungi
| * May have helped plants without —— colonize land by helping obtain —
1. Mycorrhizae
2. True roots
3. Nutrients
29
Most plants are —— that have ——
| * Cells joined into tubes for the transport of — & —
1. Vascular plants
2. Vascular tissue
3. Water
4. Nutrients
30
Nonvascular plants are commonly called —
Bryophytes
31
Bryophytes:
| Do not form a — group (a Claude)
Monophyletic
32
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Bryophytes:
3 phyla~
* —
* —
* —
```
1. Liverworts
2. Mosses
3. Hornworts
33
```
Seedless Vascular Plants:
* do NOT form a — group
* 2 phyla:
~—(club mosses & their relatives)
~ —(ferns & their relatives)
```
1. Monophyletic
2. Lycophytes
3. Monilophytes
34
Seed plants form a Claude and can be divided into:
* —: produce seeds that are not enclosed in chambers
* —: produce seeds that develop inside chambers that originate within flowers
1. Gymnosperms
| 2. Angiosperms
35
Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)
* Represented today by 3 phyla of small, herbaceous(no woods) plants:
~ —,—,—
1. Liverworts
2. Mosses
3. Hornworts
36
Bryophyte Gametophytes:
| * Unlike vascular plants, the — gametophytes are the — life stage in bryophytes
1. Haploid
| 2. Dominant
37
Bryophyte Gametophytes:
* Usually — & —— than sporophytes
~Sporophytes are typically present only — of the time
1. Larger
2. Longer-living
3. Half
38
Bryophyte Gametophytes:
| Lack of — tissue constrains —
1. Vascular
| 2. Height
39
Bryophyte Gametophyte:
Anchored to substrate by —
* —, tubular single cells
* Do not absorb —, like roots
1. Rhizoids
2. Long
3. Nutrients
40
Bryophyte Gametophytes:
| Formed when a spore —
Germinates
41
Gametophyte is composed of:
Protonema:
* ———, branched filament that absorbs nutrients
* Produces one of more “bud” that grows into a —
Gametophore: produces —
1. One-cell thick
2. Gametophore
3. Gametes
42
Mature gametophytes can form multiple —
Gametangia
43
—: male Gametangia that produce many flagellated sperm in each antheridium
Antheridia
44
—: female Gametangia that produce a single egg in each archegonium
Archegonia
45
Sperm swim through a film of — and fertilize the egg: usually restricts plant to — environment
1. Water
| 2. Moist
46
Some bryophytes are —, but typically not —
1. Bisexual
| 2. Mosses
47
Bryophyte Sporophytes:
*Grow out of —
~ never live — of the gametophyte
1. Archegonia
| 2. Independently
48
Bryophyte sporophytes:
| — and — sporophytes of all extant plant groups
1. Smallest
| 2. Simplest
49
A bryophyte sporophyte consists of a:
* —
* — (stalk)
* —, also called a —, which discharges spores through tooth-like —
1. Foot
2. Seta
3. Sporangium
4. Capsule
5. Peristome
50
Moss life cycle:
| 1. Lid pops off of the —(capsule) releasing haploid(n) spores
Sporangium
51
Moss Life Cycle:
2. Spores develop into — that produce “buds that divide by mitosis and grow into —
Together they make either a male of female —
1. Protonemata
2. Gametophores
3. Gametophyte
52
Moss life cycle:
| 3. — produce sperm — produce eggs
1. Antheridia
| 2. Archegonia
53
Moss life cycle:
| 4. Sperm from — swim through film of moisture to fertilize egg —
1. Antheridia
| 2. Archegonia
54
Moss life cycle:
| 5. Fertilization within — produces diploid —
1. Archegonium
| 2. Zygote
55
Moss life cycle:
6. The diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte —. Later, a young sporophyte grows a long stalk, or —.The embedded — absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte
1. Embryo
2. Sets
3. Foot
56
Moss life cycle:
| 7. Meiosis occurs and haploid spore develop in the —(capsule). When mature, the lid pops off and the spores are released
Sporangium
57
Seedless vascular plants:
| Evolution of vascular tissue allowed for ——
Tall growth
58
Seedless Vascular Plants:
| Like bryophytes, these have — sperm and are usually restricted to — environments
1. Flagellated
| 2. Moist
59
—: include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
| * Club mosses and spike mosses have — tissues and are not true —
1. Lycophytes
2. Vascular
3. Mosses
60
—: includes ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns and their relative
* — are the most diverse seedless vascular plants
1. Monilophytes
| 2. Ferns
61
Living vascular plants, are characterized by:
* Life cycles with — sporophytes
* Vascular tissues called — and —
* Well developed — and —
~ Includes spore bearing leaves called —
1. Dominant
2. Xylem & phloem
3. Roots & leaves
4. Sporophylls
62
In contrast with bryophytes, sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the —, more — generation
1. Larger
| 2. Complex
63
Fern Life Cycle:
| 1. — (organized as clusters of —) on underside of sporophyte leaves release haploid spores
1. Sporangia
| 2. Sori
64
Fern Life Cycle:
| 2. — releases haploid spores
Sporangium
65
Fern Life Cycle:
| 3. Spores are a single type that develop into a — photosynthetic gametophyte
Bisexual
66
Fern Life Cycle:
| 4. Gametophyte develops — and —
1. Antheridia
| 2. Archegonia
67
Fern Life Cycle:
5. Sperm swims to fertilize egg (typically on a different gametophyte). The resulting zygote develops into a new —, growing out from the — of its parent
1. Sporophyte
| 2. Archegonium
68
Vascular plants have 2 types of vascular tissue:
* —: conducts most of the water and minerals by dead, tube shaped cells
* —: consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
1. Xylem
| 2. Phloem
69
Lignified vascular tissue allowed for increased —, which provided an evolutionary —
1. Height
| 2. Advantage
70
Instead of rhizoids, — evolved in sporophytes of almost all vascular plants
Roots
71
Roots and Leaves:
| Enable absorption of — and — from the —
1. Water
2. Nutrients
3. Soil
72
Roots and Leaves:
| Provide — for — growth
1. Anchoring
| 2. Taller
73
—: organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy used for photosynthesis
Leaves
74
Microphylls:
* —, often spine shaped
* A ——
* Only in —
1. Small
2. Single vein
3. Lycophytes
75
Megaphylls:
* — leaves
* Highly — vascular system
* Almost all other — plants
1. Larger
2. Branched
3. Vascular
76
Sporophylls are modified — with —
1. Leaves
| 2. Sporangia
77
—: clusters of sporangia on undersides of fern Sporophylls
Sori
78
—: cone-like structure formed from groups of Sporophylls
Strobili
