Population & Ecology Pt. 2 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Biological —: an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction
A
COmmunity
2
Q
——: relationships between species in a community
A
Interspecific Interactions
3
Q
Interspecific Interactions can affect the — & — of each species, can be summarized as:
- —(help)(+)
- — (harm)(-)
- ——(0)
A
- Positive
- Negative
- No effect
4
Q
Interspecific Interactions Examples:
- —
- —
- —
- —
- —
A
- Competition
- Predation
- Herbivory
- Mutualism
- Commenalism
5
Q
— is an interaction that occurs when species compete for a limited resource
A
Competition
6
Q
Strong competition can lead to ——: local elimination of an inferior competing species
A
Competitive exclusion
7
Q
——— states that 2 species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexists in the same place
A
Competitive exclusion principle
8
Q
——: sum of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources
A
Ecological niche
9
Q
Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches, known as ——
A
Resource Partitioning
10
Q
——: niche potentially occupied by that species
A
Fundamental niche
11
Q
——: niche actually occupied by that species
A
Realized Niche
12
Q
As a result of competition, a species — niche may differ from it — niche
A
- Fundamental
2. Realized
13
Q
Species can partition niches in — & —
A
- Space
2. time
14
Q
Temporal Niche Partitioning:
E.g. common spiny mouse and the golden spiny mouse
* Both species are normally —
* Where they —, the golden spiny mouse becomes dinural (active during the day)
A
- Nocturnal
2. Coexsist
15
Q
Any exploitation interaction in which one species — by — on the other species
A
- Benefits
2. Feeding
16
Q
Exploration Includes:
- —
- —
- —
A
- predation
- Herbivory
- Parasitism
17
Q
— interaction is where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
A
Predation
18
Q
Predator adaptation includes: —,—,—,—, & —
A
- Claws
- Teeth
- Fangs
- Stingers
- Poison
19
Q
Prey adaptations include: —,—,—— or —,——, & ——
A
- Hiding
- Fleeing
- Forming herds or Schools
- Self-defense
- Alarm calls
20
Q
Animals also have morphological and physiological defense adaptations
- — & — defenses
- —
- —
A
- Mechanical
- Chemical
- Coloration
- mimicry
21
Q
A porcupine is an example of a — defense and a skunk is an example of a — defense
A
- Mechanical
2. Chemical
22
Q
——: camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot
A
Cryptic Coloration
23
Q
——: bright coloration warning of chemical defenses
A
Aposematic Coloration
24
Q
——: a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model
A
Batesian Mimicry
25
——: two or more unpalatable species resemble each other
Mullerian mimicry
26
— interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or algae
Herbivory
27
Plant structural and chemical defenses include: —, —, & —
1. Spines
2. Thorns
3. Toxins
28
Herbivore adaptations include:
* —— in extremities to specialized ability to recognize dangerous plants by smell and taste
* Specialized — or —— for processing vegetation
1. Chemical sensors
2. Teeth
3. Digestive systems
29
A — interaction in which one organism, the — derives nourishment from another organism, its — which is harmed in the process
1. Parasitism
2. Parasite
3. Host
30
—: live within the body of their host
Endoparasites
31
—: live on external surface of a host
Ectoparasites
32
Positive Interactions: At least one species benefits and neither is harmed~
* — (+/+)
* — (+/0)
1. Mutualism
| 2. Commensalism
33
—(+/+) interaction that benefits both species
Mutualism
34
In mutualism both species incur —, but the benefits to each partner — the costs
1. Costs
| 2. Exceeds
35
A mutualism can be:
* —: one species cannot survive without the other
* —: both species can survive alone
1. Obligate
| 2. Facultative
36
— (+/0) interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Commenalism
37
In commensalism some interactions that are typically comes along may at time become —(+/+)
Mutualistic
38
Two fundamental features of community structure are —— and ——
1. Species diversity
| 2. Feeding realtionship
39
In some cases, a few species in a community exert strong control that ——
Community’s structure
40
Species diversity is a — of organisms that make up the —
1. Variety
| 2. Community
41
2 components of special diversity:
* ——: total number of different species in the community
* ——: proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community
1. species richness
| 2. relative abundance
42
Two communities can have the same species — but a different ——
1. Richness
| 2. Relative abundance
43
Benefits of communities with high species diversity are more — and more — in their productivity
1. Productive
| 2. Stable
44
Benefits of communities with high species diversity are better able to withstand and recover from ——
Environmental stresses
45
Communities with high species diversity are more resistant to ——, organisms that become established outside their native range
Invasive species
46
—— is the feeding relationship between organisms in a community
Tropic structure
47
——: link tropic levels from producers to top carnivores
Food chains
48
——: the position an organism occupies in a food chain
Tropic level
49
Food chains are NOT —, but are — together
1. Isolates
| 2. Linked
50
——: a branching food chain with complex trophies interactions
* species may play a role at more than one ——
1. Food webs
| 2. Tropic level
51
Each food chain in a food web is usually only a — links long
Few
52
——: suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer
Energetic Hypothesis
53
Only about — of the energy stored in organic matter at each tropic level is converted to —— at the next trophies level
1. 10%
| 2. Organic Matter
54
—: total mass of all individuals in a population
Biomass
55
Food chain length may be limited by the fact that — tend to be larger at — tropic levels
* Becomes more diffuclt to obtain enough food from small prey efficiently enough to meet — needs
1. Carnivores
2. Higher
3. Metabolic
56
Highly abundant species play a pivotal role in community dynamics by impacting either, or both:
- — interactions
- — environment
1. Tropic
| 2. Physical
57
3 types of species with a large impact:
1. — species
2. — species
3. ——
1. Dominant
2. Keystone
3. Ecosystem Engineers
58
— species are those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass
Dominant
59
One hypothesis suggests that dominant species are most competitive in ——
Exploiting resources
60
Another hypothesis is that dominant species are most successful at avoiding — or —
* — species, typically introduced to a new environment by humans, often lack predators or parasites
1. Predators
2. Disease
3. Invasive
61
— species exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches
Keystone
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Keystone species in contrast to dominant species, they are not necessarily abundant in a —
Community
63
—— cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure
* E.g. beaver dams can transform landscapes on a very large scale
Ecosystem Engineers
64
———: proposes a unidirectional influence from lower to higher tropic level
* Presence/abscesses of —— controls plant numbers, herbivore numbers, and predator numbers
1. Bottom Up Model
| 1. mineral nutrients
65
———: proposes that control comes from the tropic level above
| * — limit herbivore, herbivores limit plants, plants limit nutrient levels through nutrients uptake
1. Top down model
| 2. Predators
66
—: an event that changes a community by removing organisms or altering resource availability
* —,— and — are examples
* Keeps many communities from reaching a state of — in species diversity or composition
1. Disturbance
2. Storms, fire, floods
3. equilibrium
67
———: suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
68
High levels of disturbance exclude many —— species
Slow growing
69
Low levels of disturbance allow — species to exclude — competitive species
1. Dominant
| 2. Less
70
——: the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance
Ecological succession
71
—— occurs where no soil exists when succession begins
| * — & — are often initial life forms followed by lichens and mosses & then grasses, shrubs and trees
1. Primary succession
| 2. Protists & prokaryotes
72
—— begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance
| * Common after forest — or — agricultural land
1. Secondary succession
2. Fire
3. Abandoned
73
Early-arriving species and later-arriving species may be linked in one of 3 processes:
1. Early arrivals may — appearance of later species by making the environment favorable
2. They may — establishment of later species
3. They may — later species but have no impact on their establishment
1. Facilitate
2. Inhibit
3. Tolerate
74
Succession is the result of changes induced by the — itself
| * — plant species facilitate later arrivals by increasing soil nitrogen content
1. Vegetation
| 2. Pioneer
75
Successional stages (in order):
1. —
2. —
3. —
4. —
1. Pioneer
2. Dryas
3. Alder
4. Spruce
76
— have the greatest impact on biological communities worldwide
Humans
77
Humans disturbance to communities usually reduces species —
Diversity
78
2 key factors that affect a communities species diversity are — & —
1. Latitude
| 2. Area
79
Species richness is especially great in the — & generally — in a gradient toward the poles
1. Tropics
| 2. Declines
80
2 key factors affecting latitudinal gradients of species richness are —— & —
Evolutionary history & climate
81
Evolutionary history:
* — environments may have greater species richness becaus ether has been more time for —
* temperate & polar communities have “——“ repeatedly following glaciations
1. Tropical
2. Speciation
3. Started over
82
Climate is likely the primary cause if the — gradient in biodiversity
Latitudinal
83
Two main climatic factors correlated with biodiversity are — & —
* can be considered together by measuring a community’s rate —
1. Sunlight
2. Precipitation
3. Evapotranspiration
84
—: evaporation of water from soil + transpiration of water from plants
* function of — radiation, — & — availability
1. Evapotranspiration
2. Solar
3. Temperature
4. Water
85
——: the measure of potential water loss, assuming water is available
* determined by amount of —— & —
1. Potential Evapotranspiration
2. Solar radiation
3. Temperature
86
—— of plants and animals correlates with Evapotranspiration & potential Evapotranspiration
Species richness
87
———: quantifies the idea that, all other factors being equal, a larger geographic area has more species
* Due to greater — of habitats
1. Species-area curve
| 2. Diversity
88
Species richness on islands depends on:
* — size
* — from the mainland
* — & —
1. Island
2. Distance
3. Immigration
4. Extinction
89
An equilibrium will be reached where the rate of —=— of —
Immigration = rate of extinction
90
Community structure is universally affected by —, which include disease causing microorganisms and viruses
* can alter —— quickly and extensively
1. Pathogens
| 2. Community structure
91
Human activities are transporting — around the world at unprecedented rates
Pathogens
92
——: transferred to humans from other animals
Zoonotic pathogens
93
The transfer of pathogens can be direct or through an intermediate species called a —
Vector
94
Many of today’s emerging human diseases are —
Zoonotic
95
Identifying the community of hosts and vectors for a pathogen can help prevent —
Disease
