antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

main causes of death in 1900

A

pneumonia, tuberculosis and influenza

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2
Q

main causes of death in 2004

A

heart disease, cancer and stroke

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3
Q

were plagues common throughout history?

A

yes

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4
Q

what are plague doctors

A

people that wanted to make money with the long beak (put nice things in to smell)

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5
Q

how did plague doctors treat

A

poking with sticks

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6
Q

what did they think disease was known from?

A

curse from god or bad smell or unclean conditions

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7
Q

miasma

A

unclean conditions

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8
Q

more deaths due to infection than combat and why

A

true cuz wounds would get infected (STDs)

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9
Q

agostino bassi

A

germ theory 1844

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10
Q

John snow

A

disproved miasma theory 1854

Put all of the cases of cholera and found that they were all kind of centered around a water pump

He removed the handle and it went away

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11
Q

Louis pasteur

A

pasteurization 1864 - bacteria can cause illness

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12
Q

pasteurization

A

Take milk and heat it and cool it down (heating kills the bacteria

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13
Q

lister

A

antisepsis 1867

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14
Q

H.C GRAM

A

stains bacteria 1884

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15
Q

Paul erlich

A

magic bullet 1907

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16
Q

magic bullet

A

can cure anything - 1st antibiotic

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17
Q

magic bullet

A

Trypan red (dye) selectively colors trypanosomes (African sleeping sickness)

Dye only went into trypanosomes and not the blood cells

He knew As (arsenic = poison) was similar to N but more poisonous

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18
Q

syphilis

A

salvarsan 606 - great pox

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19
Q

not very drug like def

A

Treatments required several months
Many injections
Large injection volumes

Drug was highly toxic

Not a commercial success (didn’t sell very well)

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20
Q

who won Nobel prize

A

erlich, domagk, fleming, Florey, chain

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21
Q

gerhard domagk

A

IG färben 1932 (first successful antibiotic)

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22
Q

protons only worked on

A

vivo (living) cuz metabolism

body chemically alters system

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23
Q

Prontosil (red) –>

A

sulfanilamide (drug)

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24
Q

Sulfanilamide became 1st

A

sulfa drug 1932

25
sulfanilamide saves
Saves lives in ww2 Inhibits bacterial growth (C --> dehydropteroate synthase --> C --> Coenzyme F) Mimic natural substrate Jammed and stuck in the pocket so enzyme cant do the reactio
26
Alexander fleming
bacterial artist and penicillin
27
fleming journey?
Mold prevented bacterial growth Publishes his results in 1929 Used an extract to purify bacteria Didn't do the key experiment
28
howard Florey and ernst chain
isolate penicillin 1941
29
penicillin first produced in
milk bottles and 1000 kg gave 1 g pen
30
Scale-up of penicillin production (USA)
Mold requires oxygen to grow Initially grown on thin layers of milk Industrial quantities by forced injection of oxygen into tanks Peoria, Illinois becomes penicillin capitol Drug companies develop better extraction technology
31
penicillin became ____ prioroty?
war
32
when did penicillin become public
1945
33
how are bacteria cells different from human cells
bacteria cells have a bacteria cell wall rigid outer layer (imparts structure that resists internal pressure
34
penicillin prevents cell wall ______?
synthesis and cell walls rebuilt during cell division
35
bacteria cant ____ cell wall and why
re-grow because no wall to hold internal pressure cells explode
36
penicillin destroys _________
enzyme that makes cell walls
37
antibiotics only work on??
bacteria
38
natural antibiotics?
unstable and must be injected and only work against some bacteria
39
artificial antibiotics
can be stored for long times, can be taken orally and work against most bacteria
40
major side effect of penicillin?
allergy
41
what is cephalosporin
other miracle drugs and found in Italian sewer
42
what is streptomycin
other miracle drugs and found in chicken throats
43
golden age of antibiotics
1940s and 1950s
44
no new antibiotic families since?
1997
45
resistant bacteria are not killed by _______
the antibiotic
46
over prescription contributes to ________
resistance
47
_________ use may promote resistance
prophylactic
48
what's the biggest problem with antibiotics
patient compliance (don't wanna piss off customer)
49
what is the reason for instructions
when the amount of drug in blood decreases, the time to take another dose aligns to the time it decreases.
50
missing dose creates _________ bacteria
resistant (gap between doses)
51
first dose kills the weak and __________
strong bacteria multiplies in gap (only the tough survive)
52
why is it important to kill all the bacteria?
after several generations, it can become resistant and will not be killed by antibiotics
53
dangerous bacteria mostly found in
hospitals (nosocomial infection)
54
necrotizing fasciitis
kills bacteria by debridement
55
staphylococcus aureus
very common bacteria - 20M to 30 infections each year
56
antibiotics are
commodity chemicals
57
developing new antibiotics is not
cost effective
58
doctors are ______ to use new antibiotics
reluctant
59
why do antibiotics have a huge impact on human life
longer life span improved quality of life very safe drugs very effective drugs