antibiotics Flashcards by pk hus

main causes of death in 1900

pneumonia, tuberculosis and influenza

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main causes of death in 2004

heart disease, cancer and stroke

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were plagues common throughout history?

yes

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what are plague doctors

people that wanted to make money with the long beak (put nice things in to smell)

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how did plague doctors treat

poking with sticks

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what did they think disease was known from?

curse from god or bad smell or unclean conditions

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miasma

unclean conditions

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more deaths due to infection than combat and why

true cuz wounds would get infected (STDs)

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agostino bassi

germ theory 1844

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John snow

disproved miasma theory 1854

Put all of the cases of cholera and found that they were all kind of centered around a water pump

He removed the handle and it went away

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Louis pasteur

pasteurization 1864 - bacteria can cause illness

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pasteurization

Take milk and heat it and cool it down (heating kills the bacteria

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lister

antisepsis 1867

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H.C GRAM

stains bacteria 1884

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Paul erlich

magic bullet 1907

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magic bullet

can cure anything - 1st antibiotic

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magic bullet

Trypan red (dye) selectively colors trypanosomes (African sleeping sickness)

Dye only went into trypanosomes and not the blood cells

He knew As (arsenic = poison) was similar to N but more poisonous

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syphilis

salvarsan 606 - great pox

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not very drug like def

Treatments required several months
Many injections
Large injection volumes

Drug was highly toxic

Not a commercial success (didn’t sell very well)

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who won Nobel prize

erlich, domagk, fleming, Florey, chain

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gerhard domagk

IG färben 1932 (first successful antibiotic)

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protons only worked on

vivo (living) cuz metabolism

body chemically alters system

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Prontosil (red) –>

sulfanilamide (drug)

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Sulfanilamide became 1st

sulfa drug 1932

sulfanilamide saves

Saves lives in ww2 Inhibits bacterial growth (C --> dehydropteroate synthase --> C --> Coenzyme F) Mimic natural substrate Jammed and stuck in the pocket so enzyme cant do the reactio

Alexander fleming

bacterial artist and penicillin

fleming journey?

Mold prevented bacterial growth Publishes his results in 1929 Used an extract to purify bacteria Didn't do the key experiment

howard Florey and ernst chain

isolate penicillin 1941

penicillin first produced in

milk bottles and 1000 kg gave 1 g pen

Scale-up of penicillin production (USA)

Mold requires oxygen to grow Initially grown on thin layers of milk Industrial quantities by forced injection of oxygen into tanks Peoria, Illinois becomes penicillin capitol Drug companies develop better extraction technology

penicillin became ____ prioroty?

war

when did penicillin become public

1945

how are bacteria cells different from human cells

bacteria cells have a bacteria cell wall rigid outer layer (imparts structure that resists internal pressure

penicillin prevents cell wall ______?

synthesis and cell walls rebuilt during cell division

bacteria cant ____ cell wall and why

re-grow because no wall to hold internal pressure cells explode

penicillin destroys _________

enzyme that makes cell walls

antibiotics only work on??

bacteria

natural antibiotics?

unstable and must be injected and only work against some bacteria

artificial antibiotics

can be stored for long times, can be taken orally and work against most bacteria

major side effect of penicillin?

allergy

what is cephalosporin

other miracle drugs and found in Italian sewer

what is streptomycin

other miracle drugs and found in chicken throats

golden age of antibiotics

1940s and 1950s

no new antibiotic families since?

1997

resistant bacteria are not killed by _______

the antibiotic

over prescription contributes to ________

resistance

_________ use may promote resistance

prophylactic

what's the biggest problem with antibiotics

patient compliance (don't wanna piss off customer)

what is the reason for instructions

when the amount of drug in blood decreases, the time to take another dose aligns to the time it decreases.

missing dose creates _________ bacteria

resistant (gap between doses)

first dose kills the weak and __________

strong bacteria multiplies in gap (only the tough survive)

why is it important to kill all the bacteria?

after several generations, it can become resistant and will not be killed by antibiotics

dangerous bacteria mostly found in

hospitals (nosocomial infection)

necrotizing fasciitis

kills bacteria by debridement

staphylococcus aureus

very common bacteria - 20M to 30 infections each year

antibiotics are

commodity chemicals

developing new antibiotics is not

cost effective

doctors are ______ to use new antibiotics

reluctant

why do antibiotics have a huge impact on human life

longer life span improved quality of life very safe drugs very effective drugs