antibiotics

Question 1

main causes of death in 1900

Answer 1

pneumonia, tuberculosis and influenza

Question 2

main causes of death in 2004

Answer 2

heart disease, cancer and stroke

Question 3

were plagues common throughout history?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

what are plague doctors

Answer 4

people that wanted to make money with the long beak (put nice things in to smell)

Question 5

how did plague doctors treat

Answer 5

poking with sticks

Question 6

what did they think disease was known from?

Answer 6

curse from god or bad smell or unclean conditions

Question 7

miasma

Answer 7

unclean conditions

Question 8

more deaths due to infection than combat and why

Answer 8

true cuz wounds would get infected (STDs)

Question 9

agostino bassi

Answer 9

germ theory 1844

Question 10

John snow

Answer 10

disproved miasma theory 1854

Put all of the cases of cholera and found that they were all kind of centered around a water pump

He removed the handle and it went away

Question 11

Louis pasteur

Answer 11

pasteurization 1864 - bacteria can cause illness

Question 12

pasteurization

Answer 12

Take milk and heat it and cool it down (heating kills the bacteria

Question 13

lister

Answer 13

antisepsis 1867

Question 14

H.C GRAM

Answer 14

stains bacteria 1884

Question 15

Paul erlich

Answer 15

magic bullet 1907

Question 16

magic bullet

Answer 16

can cure anything - 1st antibiotic

Question 17

magic bullet

Answer 17

Trypan red (dye) selectively colors trypanosomes (African sleeping sickness)

Dye only went into trypanosomes and not the blood cells

He knew As (arsenic = poison) was similar to N but more poisonous

Question 18

syphilis

Answer 18

salvarsan 606 - great pox

Question 19

not very drug like def

Answer 19

Treatments required several months
Many injections
Large injection volumes

Drug was highly toxic

Not a commercial success (didn’t sell very well)

Question 20

who won Nobel prize

Answer 20

erlich, domagk, fleming, Florey, chain

Question 21

gerhard domagk

Answer 21

IG färben 1932 (first successful antibiotic)

Question 22

protons only worked on

Answer 22

vivo (living) cuz metabolism

body chemically alters system

Question 23

Prontosil (red) –>

Answer 23

sulfanilamide (drug)

Question 24

Sulfanilamide became 1st

Answer 24

sulfa drug 1932

Question 25

sulfanilamide saves

Answer 25

Saves lives in ww2 Inhibits bacterial growth (C --> dehydropteroate synthase --> C --> Coenzyme F) Mimic natural substrate Jammed and stuck in the pocket so enzyme cant do the reactio

Question 26

Alexander fleming

Answer 26

bacterial artist and penicillin

Question 27

fleming journey?

Answer 27

Mold prevented bacterial growth Publishes his results in 1929 Used an extract to purify bacteria Didn't do the key experiment

Question 28

howard Florey and ernst chain

Answer 28

isolate penicillin 1941

Question 29

penicillin first produced in

Answer 29

milk bottles and 1000 kg gave 1 g pen

Question 30

Scale-up of penicillin production (USA)

Answer 30

Mold requires oxygen to grow Initially grown on thin layers of milk Industrial quantities by forced injection of oxygen into tanks Peoria, Illinois becomes penicillin capitol Drug companies develop better extraction technology

Question 31

penicillin became ____ prioroty?

Answer 31

war

Question 32

when did penicillin become public

Answer 32

1945

Question 33

how are bacteria cells different from human cells

Answer 33

bacteria cells have a bacteria cell wall rigid outer layer (imparts structure that resists internal pressure

Question 34

penicillin prevents cell wall ______?

Answer 34

synthesis and cell walls rebuilt during cell division

Question 35

bacteria cant ____ cell wall and why

Answer 35

re-grow because no wall to hold internal pressure cells explode

Question 36

penicillin destroys _________

Answer 36

enzyme that makes cell walls

Question 37

antibiotics only work on??

Answer 37

bacteria

Question 38

natural antibiotics?

Answer 38

unstable and must be injected and only work against some bacteria

Question 39

artificial antibiotics

Answer 39

can be stored for long times, can be taken orally and work against most bacteria

Question 40

major side effect of penicillin?

Answer 40

allergy

Question 41

what is cephalosporin

Answer 41

other miracle drugs and found in Italian sewer

Question 42

what is streptomycin

Answer 42

other miracle drugs and found in chicken throats

Question 43

golden age of antibiotics

Answer 43

1940s and 1950s

Question 44

no new antibiotic families since?

Answer 44

1997

Question 45

resistant bacteria are not killed by _______

Answer 45

the antibiotic

Question 46

over prescription contributes to ________

Answer 46

resistance

Question 47

_________ use may promote resistance

Answer 47

prophylactic

Question 48

what's the biggest problem with antibiotics

Answer 48

patient compliance (don't wanna piss off customer)

Question 49

what is the reason for instructions

Answer 49

when the amount of drug in blood decreases, the time to take another dose aligns to the time it decreases.

Question 50

missing dose creates _________ bacteria

Answer 50

resistant (gap between doses)

Question 51

first dose kills the weak and __________

Answer 51

strong bacteria multiplies in gap (only the tough survive)

Question 52

why is it important to kill all the bacteria?

Answer 52

after several generations, it can become resistant and will not be killed by antibiotics

Question 53

dangerous bacteria mostly found in

Answer 53

hospitals (nosocomial infection)

Question 54

necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 54

kills bacteria by debridement

Question 55

staphylococcus aureus

Answer 55

very common bacteria - 20M to 30 infections each year

Question 56

antibiotics are

Answer 56

commodity chemicals

Question 57

developing new antibiotics is not

Answer 57

cost effective

Question 58

doctors are ______ to use new antibiotics

Answer 58

reluctant

Question 59

why do antibiotics have a huge impact on human life

Answer 59

longer life span improved quality of life very safe drugs very effective drugs