history and into

Question 1

what is life expectancy and what rank in 2009?

Answer 1

81.2 years (rank 8)

Question 2

what is world average

Answer 2

66.6 years (rank 159)

Question 3

for a long time what was the life expectancy?

Answer 3

close to 35 years

Question 4

what was life expectancy in 1900s vs 2004?

Answer 4

44 years vs 82

Question 5

3 causes of death in 1900s?

Answer 5

pneumonia, tuberculosis and influenza

Question 6

6 causes of death in 1900s?

Answer 6

heart disease, cancer, stroke, lower respiratory infection, traffic accidents and diabetes

Question 7

what are main reasons for improved health over years?

Answer 7

improved sanitation (water), refrigeration, vaccination and antibiotics

Question 8

greatest achievements in medicine?

Answer 8

immunization

Question 9

when was small pox and polio eliminated?

Answer 9

1977 and 1991

Question 10

what reduced maternal mortality?

Answer 10

penicillin

Question 11

in 2009 how much were prescription drugs and OTC drugs?

Answer 11

300 billion and 25 billion

Question 12

world drug market percentage for Canada?

Answer 12

3.8%

Question 13

when did the pharmaceutical industry start and what does it use?

Answer 13

1856 and uses scientific methods

Question 14

what is it regulated by?

Answer 14

environment

Question 15

what are most ancient drugs from?

Answer 15

plants

Question 16

drugs are?

Answer 16

poisons

Question 17

drugs

Answer 17

produced desired cure (beneficial biological effect)

Question 18

poisons

Answer 18

produce undesired kill (harmful biological effect)

Question 19

dose makes the?

Answer 19

poison

Question 20

low doses produce

Answer 20

beneficial effects (drugs)

Question 21

high doses produce

Answer 21

harmful effects (poison)

Question 22

sometimes its the other way

Answer 22

true

Question 23

drugs discovered by how

Answer 23

1900 by observation and magic and philosophy

Question 24

strong doses with low dose makes?

Answer 24

into a drug

• opium, nicotine and cocaine

Question 25

weak poisons example

Answer 25

caffeine and salicin

Question 26

what is opium

Answer 26

extracted from poppy seeds - toxic in high doses - drugs in low doses

Question 27

analgesics

Answer 27

reduces pain

Question 28

4 opium examples

Answer 28

oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, demerol

Question 29

what is cocaine from and subparts

Answer 29

coca leaves (tropical painkiller and stimulant) - novocaine - procaine - lidocaine - benzocaine

Question 30

what are problems with observations?

Answer 30

human brain searches for patterns, ancients didn't use experiments and once evidence is there, its hard to contradict

Question 31

apophenia

Answer 31

seeing patterns in random/meaningless data

Question 32

pareidolia

Answer 32

perceiving sounds/images as something else

Question 33

anecdotal evidence is?

Answer 33

misleading and relies on chance and must rely on statistical methods

Question 34

what are problems with traditional remedies?

Answer 34

poor control over dose, preparations changes chemical composition, no standardization, difficult to correct info and reasoning to identify cures

Question 35

doctrine of humours

Answer 35

hippocrates developped

Question 36

Jakob Bohme

Answer 36

God left us clues to tell us how to use things (walnuts = brain, mandrake = cure for demonic possession)

Question 37

Humphrey davy

Answer 37

nitrous oxide

Question 38

William perkin

Answer 38

first official dye

Question 39

what are modern drugs?

Answer 39

artificial, designed for optimal activity and safety and provides convenience (manufactured in large quantities)

Question 40

engineered drugs since?

Answer 40

1982 and safest cheapest source of human proteins and hormones

Question 41

what are the rules

Answer 41

regulation of drugs and medical devices/procedures

Question 42

patent medicine

Answer 42

royalty

Question 43

alcohol is the most ______ ingredient

Answer 43

active bc "feel good"

Question 44

when was board of food and drug inspection formed and what is it?

Answer 44

formed in 1907 = 1st government regulations for medicines (labelling only)

Question 45

sold sulphanilamide

Answer 45

antibiotic as a powder

Question 46

when was FDA created and what is it

Answer 46

1938 = food and drug administration ensures safety of drugs

Question 47

phocomelia

Answer 47

attenuated limbs

Question 48

modern safety standards?

Answer 48

safety testing done in at least 2 species - one must be primate and must show drug is bioavailable (gets into body)

Question 49

why is industry regulation important?

Answer 49

ensures safety products, products work, good manufacturing quality and regulation increases cost

Question 50

modern drugs work with ___?

Answer 50

each starts with a scientific idea, optimized using scientific methods and tested scientifically