Flashcards in Antibiotics, Anti-microbials, and Resistance (complete) Deck (62)
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1
What is a chemotherapeutic agent
a drug that fights against diseases
2
What is an antimicrobial agent
a drug that treats infections
3
What is an Antibiotic
Antimicrobial agents produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other organisms
4
What is a semisynthetic agent
an agent whose parent compound was made by a microbe, but was then chemically modified.
5
which types of antibiotics work to inhibit cell wall synthesis
cephalosporins
penecillins
vancomycin
penems
6
Which types of antibiotics work to inhibit protein synthesis
Eyrthromycin
clindamycin
chloramphenicol
tetracycline
aminoglycosides
7
which types of antibiotics inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Quinolones (ciproflaxin)
rifampin
sulfa drugs
metronidazole
nucleoside analogs
8
Which types of antibiotics inhibit metabolic pathways
sulfa drugs
trimethoprim
amantadine
9
Which types of antibiotics alter cell membrane permeability
nystatin
amphotericin B
Polymixins
10
how do the Beta-Lactam rings inhibit cell wall synthesis
They bind to the enzymes that are responsible for cross linking NAM subunits of the bacterial cell wall. So when those enzymes are bound, the cell wall can't be properly synthesized, they will be weak, and the bacteria will lyse
11
What are some important beta-lactam drugs
penicillin
methicillin
cephalosporins
monobactams
carbapenems
12
how does augmentin (beta-lactamase inhibitor) help the beta-lactam drugs to be more effective
it deactivates the bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes, so that the bacteria can't fight back against the beta-lactams drugs. normally bacteria with beta-lactamase activity can resist beta-lactam drugs
13
What can be the problem with broad spectrum antimicrobials
they can kill off some of the normal flora, which can lead to the development of superinfections or secondary infections.
14
Which antimicrobial drugs interfere with particular alanine-alanine bridges that link NAM subunits in many gram positives
Vancomycin and Cycloserine
15
Which antimicrobial is topical only and blocks the secretion of NAG and NAM from the cytoplasm
bacitracin
16
which drugs disrupt formation of arabinogalactan-mycolic acid complexes in mycobacterial species
Isoniazid and ethambutol
17
what is the affect of cell wall inhibiting drugs on growing cells, mature cells, animal cells, and plant cells
They destroy growing cells, (don't let peptidoglycan form properly)
They have no effect on mature cells (because they only prevent the peptidoglycan from forming, they don't have any affect on the existing peptidoglycan)
They have no effect on plant or animal cells since those don't have peptidoglycan.
18
Why can drugs that inhibit protein synthesis be harmful in large doses
because animals have mitochondrial ribosomes that are similar to the bacterial ribosomes that are the target of these drugs that inhibit protein synthesis
19
For what type of infection is amphotericin B used
fungal infections
20
what is the mechanism of action of amphotercin B against fungi
it attaches to ergosterol that is found in fungal membranes. This negatively affects the integrity of the fungal membrane by creating pores in the membrane
21
Why can humans be susceptible to Amphotericin B?
because the ergosterol of fungi is similar to the choleterol in humans
22
What is the target of the antibacterial Polymixin
it binds to LPS and disrupts both of the gram negative membranes
23
why are polymixins usually used as a last resort
because they are relatively neurotoxic and nephrotoxic
24
How do the drugs that inhibit metabolic pathways of bacteria work
the drugs are structural analogs that bind to necessary metabolic enzymes and block them from performing their normal function
25
can antimetabolic drugs have an impact on viruses and parasitic worms
yes, they can paralyze the worms, and they can block viral activation
26
Why are sulfa drugs (sulfonamides) and trimethoprim used together (they are combined in bactrim and septra)
they both inhibit bacterial metabolic pathways, but they do it by inactivating different enzymes. so it is more effective when blocking both enzymes
27
What are the drugs that inhibit the metabolism of viruses
amantadine and rimantadine
28
what is the main problem with drugs that are used to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
there are only a few slight differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
29
What are the mechanisms by which drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis work
1. they are nucleoside analogs, so they are inserted into nucleic acids instead of the actual nucleosides
2. or they inhibit necessary enzymes in nucleic acid synthesis
30
