What is the virus family that HIV belongs to
Retroviridae
What is the classification of HIV
RNA icosahedral enveloped Single stranded (2 copies) Positive
What is different about the retroviridae (HIV) replication process
it undergoes reverse transcription RdDp (RNA dependent, DNA polymerase) where the RNA is read and turned to DNA, and that viral DNA is inserted into the Cells genome
What is the average incubation period for HIV
8-10 years
What are the 3 main diseases caused by HIV
- seroconversion illness (Mono like)
- AIDS related complex (persistent generalized lymphadenopathy)
- AIDS
What is the main thing that kills someone with HIV AIDS
opportunistic infections
What is the most frequent opportunistic tumor of AIDS
Kaposi’s sarcoma (malignant lymphomas)
What is the most frequent neurological disorder in AIDS
encephalopathy
What are the three most common ways HIV Is transmitted
- Sexual transmission
- Blood/blood products
- Vertical Transmission
How is HIV diagnosed
screening and confirmation assays
what are the two tests performed after someone has been diagnosed with HIV to give them a prognosis
HIV viral load
HIV antigen test
What is now used to treat HIV
HAART - highly active anti-retroviral treatment
What are the individual drug components of HAART
2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a protease inhibitor (AZT, Lamivudine, and indinavir)
what is the probability of HIV infection from saliva
very low, saliva has a good Anti-HIV activity
What is the classification of papillomaviridae (HPV)
DNA
Icosahedral
naked
Double Stranded (circular)
What virus is a risk factor for oral, and oropharyngeal cancer
HPV
How is HPV transmitted
Sexual Activity, including oral sex
hand shaking
Environmental fomites (showers, door knobs)
Is there a vaccine for HPV
yes
What family does the norovirus belong to
calciviridae
What is the classification of the norovirus
RNA
icosahedral
naked
Single stranded positive
what is special about the durability of the calciviridae
they are resistant to heat, and stomach acid
What is the most common pathology associated with calciviridae
gastroenteritis
does the norovirus affect children or adults more
adults
how do we get the norovirus
consumption of shellfish or other contaminated foods
aerosol spread as well as fecal oral
what does the norovirus cause
gastroenteritis
what is the nickname for the norovirus
winter vomiting disease
about what percent of known causes of foodborne illness in the US is caused by the norovirus
50%
Where are the majority of the norovirus outbreaks found
long-term care facilities
do noroviruses survive in the environment well
yes
What is the recommended way to clean up a norovirus infected area or surface
chlorine bleach with a concentration of 1000-5000 parts per million
how contagious is the norovirus
very (only 18 viral particles needed)
who are carriers for the norovirus
humans are the only known carrier
What are the steps in the evolution of viral vaccines
made in animals, then eggs, then cell culture, then recombinant DNA, then peptide
how quickly can a vaccine go from the outbreak, to ditribution to the public
months 6-9 or so
