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DMD 5245 > Mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, spirochetes, and curved rods (complete) > Flashcards

Mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, spirochetes, and curved rods (complete) Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What are the smallest free living microbes

A

Mycoplasmas

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2
Q

What are three significant structures that most bacterial organisms have, but mycoplasmas do not

A

cytochromes
enzymes of the krebs cycle
cell walls

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3
Q

What is necessary for the groth of mycoplasmas

A

cholesterol (sterols)

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4
Q

Where do you usually find colonized mycoplasmas in the human body

A

the mucus membranes or respiratory and urinary tracts

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5
Q

What is the mycoplasma that causes walking pneumonia

A

mycoplasma pneumonia

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6
Q

what is another name for walking pneumonia

A

primary atypical pneumonia

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7
Q

Where does mycoplasma pneumonia attach

A

to receptors at the bases of cilia on respiratory epithelial cells

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8
Q

What is different about walking pneumonia (primary atypical pneumonia) caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

it causes a fever, headache, and sore throat those aren’t typically pneumonia symptoms

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9
Q

how is walking pneumonia spread

A

by nasal secretions among people in close contact

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10
Q

how serious is walking pneumonia

A

it is usually not severe enough to require hospitalization and death

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11
Q

Why is diagnosis difficult for mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

because they are small and slow growing

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12
Q

why is treatment of walking pneumonia difficult

A

because patients can be infected for a long time without signs or symptoms

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13
Q

how big is rickettsias

A

Extremely small

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14
Q

what is the cell wall of rickettsias like

A

it has such a small amount of peptidoglycan that it appears almost wall less

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15
Q

Rickettsias are OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES, what is unusual about them?

A

it is unusual that an obligate intracellular parasite has functional genes for:
protein synthesis
ATP production
and reproduction

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16
Q

What are the four genera of rickettsia that cause disease in humans

A

Rickettsia
Orienta
Ehrlichia
Anaplasma

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17
Q

What causes rocky mountain spotted fever

A

Rickettsia Rickettsii

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18
Q

How is Rocky mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia Rickettsii) transmitted

A

it is transmitted by infected wood ticks (hard ticks)

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19
Q

What causes epidemic typhus

A

Rickettsia Prowazekii

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20
Q

What is the primary host of rickettsia prowazekii

A

humans

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21
Q

how is Rickettsia Prowazekii transmitted

A

by infected lice (when their feces is rubbed into a bite)

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22
Q

what is the mortality rate of epidemic typhus without treatments

A

70%

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23
Q

What is it called when epidemic typhus occurs many years later

A

Brill-Zinsser disease

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24
Q

What is the structure of chlamydial cell walls

A

Two membranes without any peptidoglycan between them

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25
Chlamydias are obligate intracellular parasites, but where inside the cell do chlamydias grow
only within the vesicles of host cells
26
What is unique about Chlamydia's developmental cycle
it involves two forms Elementary Bodies (EB) and Reticulate Bodies (RB). 1. EBs enter the cell via endocytosis 2. EB converts into RB 3. RB rapidly divides 4. Most RBs convert back into EBs 5. EBs are released from the host cell
27
how is chlamydia diagnosed
with a direct fluorescent Ab test
28
What is the bacteria that causes a sexually Transmitted disease and Trachoma
Chlamydia Trachomatis
29
What is the problem associated with the chlamydia STD
Lymphogranuloma veneruem
30
what strain of chlamydia trachomatis causes lymphogranuloma veneruem
the LGV strand of chlamydia trachomatis
31
how is the infection of men and women with the LGV strain of C. trachomatis different
it is mostly in women, but most are asymptomatic (85%) | most of the men who are infected have symptoms (75%)
32
What is Trachoma
the leading cause of non-traumatic blindness in humans in which the bacteria multiplying in conjuctival cells results in scarring, this causes the eyelashes to turn inward and abrade the eye.
33
How is the trachoma transmitted
either to children at birth, or from genital C. Trachomatis bacteria infecting the eye
34
What are spirochetes
thin, tightly coiled, helically shaped bacteria
35
what must you do to see spirochetes
you must use dark-field to see them
36
What are the cell walls of spirochetes like
they are gram negative walls, but they have flagella located in the periplasmic space
37
What are the spirochete flagella called
endoflagella or axial filaments
38
how do spirochetes move
in a corkscrew fashion, the pathogenic ones can burrow through their hosts tissues
39
what are the three genera of spirochetes that are pathogenic to humans, in order of most tightly coiled to most loosely coiled
Leptospira (tight coils) Treponema (8-20 coils) Borrelia (3-10 coils)
40
Where is the only place that treponema palliidum pallidum lives naturally
in humans (obligate parasite)
41
What causes syphilis
treponema pallidum pallidum
42
what is almost the only way that syphilis is transmitted
via sexual contact, but it can be spread from infected mother to fetus
43
what occurs when a fetus is infected with syphilis
death, mental retardation, or malformations
44
What are the three stages of a syphilis infection
Primary: Chancre at contact site (3-6 weeks) Secondary: Rash and chondyloma lata (grey, flat, wart-like lesions(6 weeks)) Tertiary: Gummas and neurologic symptoms (years later)
45
What are the two diseases caused by borrelia
lyme disease and relapsing fever
46
What is the bacteria that causes Lyme disease
borrelia borgdorferi
47
how is lyme disease spread
by ticks (deer tick) (and potentially sexually)
48
How is lyme disease treated
with penicillin or tetracycline
49
What are the three phases of lymes disease in untreated patients
1. An expanding bulls-eye rash 2. neurological symptoms and cardiac dysfunction 3. severe arthritis that can last for years
50
Are cases of lyme's disease increasing or decreasing
increasing due to living proximity between humans and deer ticks
51
how successful are treatments of lymes disease
they are pretty sucessful if done in the first stage of lyme disease, they are less successful after because at that point the damage is mostly done by the immune system
52
how is lyme's disease prevented
avoiding ticks
53
Where is leptospira interrogans normally found
in wild and domestic animals (causes leptospirosis)
54
how is leptospira interrogans transmitted to humans
via direct contact with infected animal's urine, or via contact of contaminated streams, lakes, or moist soil
55
how does leptospira interrogans enter the body
via invisible cuts and abraisions in the skin and mucus membranes
56
once leptospira interrogans enters the body how does it move
via the bloodstream
57
What typically happens with a leptospira interrogans infection
the bacteremia resolves itself and the bacteria are only found in the kidneys and in excreted urine
58
what is the most widespread zoonotic disease
leptospirosis
59
What causes cholera
vibrio cholerae, but there must be a large inoculum because the acidity in the stomach can kill them
60
what is the most important virulence factor of vibrio cholerae
cholera toxin
61
what does cholera cause
firehose diarrhea
62
What is the mechanism of cholera causing diarrhea
1. cholera binds to the epithelial cells 2. portion of toxin (A1) enters the cell 3. A1 stimulates adenylate cyclase 4. cAMP is synthesized 5. cAMP stimulates the cell to release Cl-, Na+ and other electrolytes 6. this draws water into the lumen = firehose diarrhea
63
Are all cholera infections severe
no, some are asymptomatic, others only cause slight diarrhea
64
What are the symptoms of a severe cholera infection
1. watery diarrhea (rice-water stool) 2. vomiting 3. severe dehydration and electrolyte loss 4. dramatic weight loss
65
How is cholera treated
fluid and electrolyte replacement
66
What is likely the most common cause of gastroenteritis in the US
campylobacter jejuni
67
how do humans become infected with campylobacter jejuni
consumption of contaminated food, milk, water, and poultry (poultry is the most common)
68
how is campylobacter jejuni prevented
proper food handling and preparation
69
what are the symptoms of a campylobacter jejuni infection
self-limiting bloody and frequent diarrhea
70
What is the bacteria that is implicated with 90% of stomach and duodenal ulcers
helicobacter pylori
71
What leads to a higher incidence of uclers
type O blood, the helicobacter pylori uses the O antigen on gastric cells as a receptor
72
what does helicobacter pylori do that allows it to live in the stomach
it produces a potent urease the produces ammonia and bicarbonate
73
how does helicobacter pylori cause ulcers
by causing the mucus layer in the stomach to become thin and go away. This allows the stomach acid to destroy tissue

DMD 5245 (15 decks)

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