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DMD 5245 > Helminths (complete) > Flashcards

Helminths (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three categories of helminths that are pathogenic to humans

A

Cestodes (tapeworms)
Trematodes (flukes)
Nematodes (roundworms)

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2
Q

What are helminths

A

macroscopic, eukaryotic, multicellular worms

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3
Q

can the larvae of helminths typically support themselves?

A

no, they typically need support from intermediate hosts

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4
Q

What does it mean that helminths can be dioecious or monoecious?

A

Dioecious means that there are male and female worms that need to “get together” to reproduce
monoecious means that the worm has both male and female sex organs

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5
Q

What types of helminths are dioecious

A

blood flukes and nematodes

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6
Q

What types of helminths are monecious

A

all helminths except blood flukes and nematodes

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7
Q

Cestodes and trematodes are both platyhelminths, what does that mean

A

that they are flatworms

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8
Q

how long do helminth infections last

A

usually years

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9
Q

What is the immune response generated by helminths

A

a TH-2 immune response with eosinophilia, mucosal mastocytosis, and elevated IgE

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10
Q

How well does the immune system work against helminths

A

it struggles to completely eliminate the helminths, and reinfections are common, but the parasite load does decrease over time reflecting partial immunity

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11
Q

What are the two different places you find helminths in the body, and what are the problems they cause

A

Intestinal helminths = anemia from chronic blood loss

Systemic helminths = organ damage from inflammatory responses to eggs or worms

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12
Q

What are some of the larger problems caused by helminths

A

liver failure
epilepsy
elephantitis

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13
Q

do helminths generally replicate in mammalian hosts?

A

nope, passage through intermediate hosts of through soil and water is required

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14
Q

do helminth infections have a high morbidity rate

A

yes

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15
Q

What are the three ways helminths can enter the body

A

through the mouth
bite of insect vector
penetration (burrowing through skin)

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16
Q

Where in the body do helminths localize

A 
liver, lungs, intestines, CNS
Dermal and lymph tissue
Blood vessels (around intestine and bladder)
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17
Q

What are the two ways helminths directly cause damage

A

They cause cysts to grow in organs which damages them by putting pressure on them
they physically block intestines

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18
Q

What is the beef tapeworm

A

taenia sangiata

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19
Q

what is the pork tapeworm

A

taenia solium

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20
Q

Which humans have the high incidence of infection with Taenia

A

those working in close proximity to livestock (cows and pigs)

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21
Q

How do the cattle and swine get infected with taenia

A

by eating contaminated vegitation

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22
Q

What is Cysticerci

A

the larvae of helminths in meat

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23
Q

What are the body parts of Cestodes (tapeworms - taenia)

A 
Scolex - point of attachment
chain of proglottids
Those near the scolex are immature
those near the middle are mature
those near the end are gravid (full of fertilized eggs)
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24
Q

What happens with the gravid proglottids (gravid meaning full of fertilized eggs)

A

they are released into the feces

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25
Q

How many proglottids can a mature T. sanginita worm have, and how many eggs does each have

A

they can have 1-2000 proglottids, each of those having about 100,000 eggs.

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26
Q

how many proglottids do infected humans pass per day

A

6

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27
Q

Where do the taenia attach

A

the intestinal epithelium

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28
Q

do most humans infected with taenia have symptoms

A

nope, they just shed proglottids (they only have symptoms if the worm gets large enough to block the intestines)

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29
Q

How do you prevent taenia infection

A

thoroughly cooking or freezing meat

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30
Q

How large can taenia sanginita become

A

10 meters long

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31
Q

does the scolex of taenia sanginita have hooks

A

nope

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32
Q

what happens to the proglottids of taenia sanginitia

A

they are relesed into feces, then the eggs develop into onchospheres, which leave animal intestines and encyst into animal tissues. They develop there into cysticerci, which are ingested, then develop into adult worms

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33
Q

What is the treatment for taenia sanginata

A

niclosamide or PTZ

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34
Q

Can humans become the intermediate host of taenia solium

A

yes, but this is rare because the cysticerci develop in the human muscle, but this is a dead end for the taenia solium because the human tissue doesn’t get eaten

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35
Q

can cysticerci in humans be pathogenic

A

yep, it can develop in the eye, CNS, and the heart

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36
Q

What can cysticerci in the CNS (neurocysticerosis) cause

A

epilepsy, meningitis, and encephalitis

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37
Q

how can neurocysticerosis be diagnosed

A

biopsy, CAT scan, MRI, look for subcutaneous cysticericosis first

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38
Q

how are cysticercosis treated

A

phenothiazine (PTZ)
corticosteroids
surgery

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39
Q

What are echinococcus granulosus

A

tapeworms of canines

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40
Q

how many proglottids do echinococcus granulosus have

A

3, one immature, one mature, and one gravid (each time the neck forms a new proglottid the gravid one falls off)

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41
Q

how are canines infected by echinococcus granulosus

A

by eating cysticerci in various herbivore hosts

42
Q

what happens to humans with echinococcus granulosus

A

they can become accidental intermediate hosts if they ingest something contaminated with dog feces. they get Hydatid Disease

43
Q

What is hydatid disease

A

an infection of echinococcus granulosus cysticerci. those cysticerci can grow and form hydatid cysts, this can cause tissue disfunction and if there are large numbers, death

44
Q

What are trematodes

A

flukes, flat and leaf-shaped worms

45
Q

what are the suckers like on trematodes

A

there are oral and ventral suckers that allow for attachment and nutrient obtaining

46
Q

are trematodes dioecious or monoecious

A

they can be either

47
Q

What is the most important trematode infector of humans

A

Schistosoma

48
Q

how does a human infection of Schistosoma occur

A

motile cercariae in contanimated fresh water penetrate intact skin with the proteases stored in their head. Then they lose their tails and migrate via the circulation to the liver

49
Q

where do Schistosoma mature

A

in the liver

50
Q

do Schistosoma multiply in the host

A

nope, they do release eggs however

51
Q

what do the eggs of Schistosoma elicit from the immune system

A

a granulomatous inflammatory response

52
Q

What is another name for schistosoma

A

blood flukes

53
Q

are blood flukes dioecious or monoecious

A

dioecious

54
Q

What disease do blood flukes cause

A

schistosomiasis

55
Q

What are the three species of Schistosoma

A

Schistosoma mansonii
Schistosoma haemotobium
Schistosoma Japonicum

56
Q

does anything occur where a cercariae enters the skin

A

sometimes dermatitis

57
Q

how serious can blood flukes be

A

they can become chronic and fatal

58
Q

how do you prevent blood flukes

A

improved sanitation and avoiding contact with contaminated water

59
Q

how do Schistosoma worms evade the immune system

A

by absorbing host complement regulatory proteins onto their surface

60
Q

What is acuter Schistosomiasis

A

(katayama fever)

61
Q

What does an early immune response to Schistosoma demonstrate

A

Th1

62
Q

What is the overall immune response to Schistosoma

A

Th2, eosinophilia, elevated IgE, type 2 granulomas surrounding the eggs

63
Q

What characterized a type 2 granuloma

A

TH2 cells, eosinophilias, macrophages, and fibroblasts

64
Q

What can the type 2 granulomas caused by blood flukes do the tissue in which they are

A

they are in the liver, and they can block the liver sinusoids and impede blood flow. this can eventually lead to Cirrhosis

65
Q

What are nematodes

A

long cylindrical worms with tapered ends, and complete digestive tracts

66
Q

are nematodes dioecious or monoecious

A

dioecious

67
Q

What are the reproductive strategies of nematodes

A
  1. shed eggs into lumen of the intestine (fecal-oral transmission)
  2. shed eggs into the soil (larvae penetrate skin)
  3. encyst in muscle tissue (eaten if undercooked)
  4. mosquitos
68
Q

Which nematode infection is the most common and which nematode is the largest to infect humans

A

Ascaris lumbricoides (both most common and largest)

69
Q

where do in Ascaris lumbricoides an endemic

A

the SE US

70
Q

where do Ascaris lumbricoides reproduce

A

the small intestine

71
Q

what happens to ingested Ascaris lumbricoides

A

the larvae enter the blood, go to the lungs, get coughed up and swollowed, mature in intestine

72
Q

What happens when Ascaris lumbridoides migrate through the lung

A

you get loefflers sydrome = eosinophilic pneumonitis

73
Q

What happens when Ascaris lumbricoides live in the GI

A

pain, diarrhea, intestinal obstruction

74
Q

what happens when Ascaris lumbricoides live in the pancreatic liver or ducts

A

it is life threatening

75
Q

What are the problems with Ascaris lumbricoides

A 
the migrating larvae (int - blood - lungs - sto - int)
- potent allergies
- ascaris pneumonia
- asthma
Undernourishment
abdominal pain, eye pain, asthma, insomnia
death (if they block the intestines)
penitration to peritoneum
wandering worms
76
Q

what causes Ascaris lumbricoides to wander

A

the female wants to burrow in the male, if it can’t find one the female begins to borrow

77
Q

Where can Ascaris lumbricoides worms end up

A 
intestines
liver
lungs
in feces
stomatch (puked out)
esophagus, trachea
78
Q

how is a Ascaris lumbrcoides infection diagnosed

A

barium enema

juveniles in sputum

79
Q

how is an Ascaris lumbricoides infection treated

A

Mebendazole

80
Q

What is the sceintific name for the whip worm

A

Thrichuris trichuria

81
Q

What is the cycle of a whip worm infection

A

eggs to soil to mouth, hatching to adults in intestine, thread through the mucosa

82
Q

How does thrichuris trichuria cause pathologies

A

due to the worm burden, more than 100 worms

83
Q

What are the problem a whip worm infection can cause

A 
death (if the worm burden is high)
dysentery
anemia
growth retardation
tenesmus
prolapsed rectum
84
Q

What is the second most common nematode infection

A

hook worms

85
Q

what are the two types of hookworms that infect humans

A

ancylostoma duodenale

necator americanus

86
Q

what is the infectious life cycle of hookworms

A

larvae in soil
burrow through skin
carried in blood to heart and lungs
in lungs they burrow in the mucosa and migrate up and get swallowed
in the intestines the attach, feed on blood, mature and mate

87
Q

how is a hookworm infection treated

A

albendazole

88
Q

how is a hookworm infection prevented

A

by wearing shoes

89
Q

What is the common name for enterobius vermicularis

A

the pinworm

90
Q

what is the most common parasitic worm in the US

A

the pinworm (humans are the only host for the enterobius)

91
Q

where do female pinworms lay their eggs

A

around the anus

92
Q

what is the main symptom caused by pinworms

A

intense perianal intching

93
Q

how are pinworm infections prevented

A

preventing fecal oral spread (itching of the anus - worms under fingerails)

94
Q

what is the scotch tape diagnosis for

A

enterobius vermincularis

95
Q

What is the causitive agent of filariasis

A

wuchereria bancrofti

96
Q

Where do the wuchereria bancrofti typically infect

A

lymph tissue and subcutaneous tissue

97
Q

How is wuchereria bancrofti transmitted

A

female mosquitoes of some sort, they get the immature forms from one human, then pass them to another in its next form

98
Q

What are the initial symptoms of lymphatic filariasis

A

it is typically initially asymptomatic

99
Q

what is the end result of lymphatic filariasis

A

elephatiasis

100
Q

what is elephantiasis

A

when lymph becomes blocked and pools up in the cutaneious and subcutaneous areas, they get swollen and hardened

101
Q

how do you prevent wuchereria bancrofti infection

A

avoiding infected mosquitoes

DMD 5245 (15 decks)

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