What is the best idea of where influenza originated>
Geese and Ducks (migratory waterfowl)
What is the classification of orthomyxoviridae (influenza)
RNA, Helical, Enveloped, Single Strand, Negative, 8 Segments
What are the two important antigens on the influenza envelope
(H) = hemaglutanin (N) = Neuroaminidase
What are the three types of Influenza virus
A, B, and C
What is the difference between A, B and C types of influenza virus
A - undergoes antigenic shift and drift
B - undergoes antigenic drift
C - relatively stable
Which two types of influenza virus infect humans A, B, or C
A and B
What does the H antigen do for Influenza virus
helps the virion attach, and lyse RBCs
What does the N antigen do for influenza virus
helps the virion separate from each other and infect
What does flu immunizations target
the H antigen
What does neuraminidase inhibitors target
the N antigen
What is an antigenic shift
when multiple strains of influenza infect the same cell, and mix up the 8 segments of their genome. This creates a brand new strain of influenza
What does an antigenic shift cause
a pandemic, the population has no immunity against the new strain
what is antigenic drift
a lot of base-pair mutations due to lack of repair mechanisms. As it happens more and more the genome becomes quite changed
What is a U age vs. death response
mostly young children and old die, not age groups between
What is a W age vs. death response
when young children, healthy adults, and the old die
What type of age vs. death response does influenza cause
W (the healthy young adults die because their immune system is so good and the flu kills by making it overactive)
What made the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic so bad
you had antigenic shift with the familiar triple reassortment (swine, avian, human) and a new eurasian swine. This caused a new strain of flu for which the public didn’t have immunity
What is the recommended 2016 trivalent flu vaccine
A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)
A/Switzerland/9715293/2013
B/Phuket/3073/2013
What is the recommended 2016 quadrivalent flu vaccine
A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)
A/Switzerland/9715293/2013
B/Phuket/3073/2013
B/Brisbane/60/2008
how effective are flu vaccines
about 60% effective
What is the peak month of flu activity
February
Which typically causes more cases of influenza type A or Type B
Type A
What are the 4 ways we attempt to control the flu
- Neutralizing Antibody
- M2 channel blockers
- RNA replication
- Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs)
What are the two common neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs)
Tamiflu
Relenza
What are the common M2 channel blockers
Amantidine (Flu-A, needs to be early)
Rimantidine (fewer neurological side effects)
What is ribvarin
a broad spectrum antiviral for both influenza A and B
how effective are neuraminidase inhibitors
that is still in question
What are the main viruses in the paramyxoviridae family
parainfluenza
mumps
measles
Respiratory syncytial virus
What are the classifications of the parainfluenza virus
RNA helical enveloped single stranded negative
What is the most common manifestation of parainfluenza virus
croup (however it can be caused by influenza and RSV)
besides croup, what can parainfluenza cause
bronchiolitis
pneumonia
flu-like tracheobronchitis
Coryza-like illness
What do we use to fight parainfluenza
nothing, no chemotherapy or vaccine
What is the classification of RSV
RNA Helical Enveloped Single Stranded Negative (part of the paramyxovirus family)
What does RSV cause
Children: croup, bronchiolitis, pneumonia potentially fatal
Older Children: Colds
What do we use to treat RSV
oxygen, humidifier, IV fluids
Ribvarin nasal inhalation in severe cases
What is the classification of the coronavirus
RNA helical enveloped Single stranded positive
What does the coronavirus cause
URT infection “bad sore throat” cold
SARS
what virus causes SARS
the coronavirus
What is the classification of adenoviruses
DNA
Icosahedral
naked
double stranded (linear)
What does the adenovirus cause
URT infections
what is our treatment for adenovirus infections
don’t have one
Is there a vaccine against adenovirus
yes, but it is basically only given to military
What is the main viral cause of the common cold
rhinoviruses
corona viruses are second
What family does the rhinovirus belong to
picornaviridae
what is the classification of the picornavirdae
RNA Icosahedral Naked single stranded positive
What is the optimum temperature for the picornaviridae (rhinovirus)
33 C, the temp in the nose
