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RUSVM LAM II > Antibiotics In Food Animals > Flashcards

Antibiotics In Food Animals Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What are the antibiotics available for use in food animals?

A

Sulfonamides

B- lactams

Tetracyclines

Florfenicol

Macrolides

Fluroroquinolones

Lincosamides (PIG ONLY)

Aminoglycosides — too long acting

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2
Q

What bacteria have known resistance against sulfonamides?

A

Pseudomonas, bacteriodies, and enterococcus

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3
Q

Are sulfonamides bacteriostatic/bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic, unless they are potentiated which are bactericidal

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4
Q

What is the MOA of sulfonamides?

A

Mimics PABA precursor at the beginning of the THFA pathway, blocking production of the active form of folic acid (THFA).

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5
Q

How are potentiated sulfas bactericidal?

A

Block both PABA and dihydrofolate reductatse

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6
Q

Where are sulfonamides distributed to?

A

Wide distribution

Joints via synovial fluid
CNS
Prostate
Urine

Weak acid —> low, non-theraputic concentration in milk but enough to test

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7
Q

What is the ONLY sulfonamide that can be used in adult dairy cows?

A

Sulfadimethoxine

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8
Q

Are B-lactams bacteriostatic or bactericidal ?

A

Bacteriocidal

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9
Q

MOA of B-lactams?

A

Bind to penicillin binding proteins

PBP-1 (penems)—> immediate cell lysis

PBP-2 and -3 (penicillins and cephalosporins) —> misshapen cell walls leading to rupture

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10
Q

What is the spectrum of penicillin?

A

Gram positive, anaerobes, select G- (listeria) and spirochetes

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11
Q

What is the spectrum of aminopenicillins?

A

Gram pos but more gram negs than penicillin

Some strains of E.coli and salmonella

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12
Q

What is the spectrum of activity fo cephalosporins?

A

Gram positive, anaerobes,

More gram negs as generation increases

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13
Q

What restrictions are in place for use of B lactams?

A

Follow label for aminopenicillin

ELDU is permitted as long as it follows AMDUCA is followed

PPG is currently used extra-label because label is outdated, contact FARAD for withdrawal times (40days in swine)

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of tetracyclines?

A

Binds the 30s ribosome to prevent protein synthesis

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15
Q

Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic and board spectrum

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16
Q

How are tetracyclines administered?

A

IV, IM, or SQ

Oral — all have poor oral absorption except doxycycline

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17
Q

What is the distribution of tetracyclines?

A

Lipophilic
Wide distribution — most tissues

Accumulate intracellularly, even leukocytes (anti-inflammatory effects)

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18
Q

How are tetracycline eliminated?

A

60% via glomerular filtration

40% via feces

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19
Q

If you are going to use an amino-glycoside, which should you pick for food animals?

A

Neomycin, gentamycin lasts too long in kidney

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20
Q

Are aminoglycosides bactericidal and bacteriostatic?

21
Q

Spectrum of aminoglycosides?

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A

Primarily aerobic, gram negative

22
Q

MOA of aminoglycosides ?

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A

Irreversibly binds to the 30s ribosome —> cidal effect

Accumulates in lysosomes and mitochondria —> post-antibiotic effect
Attracted to phospholipids

23
Q

What two toxicities can aminoglycosides cause?

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A

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

24
Q

What are the restrictions for using aminoglycosides in food animas?

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A

Try to refrain from use — lasts a long time in the kidney

Zero tolerance drugs

Gentamicin is NOT labelled for cows
Gent with drawl time 18months for single injection for meat and 5days for milk (sheep and goats 10 day milk withdrawal)

Piglets 1-3days old = 40day withdrawal

25
T/F: neomycin is approved for pre-ruminating calves or lactating cattle
False
26
What is the withdrawal time for oral administered neomycin in cows, swine, and goats?
1 day 2 days in sheep
27
T/F: chloramphenicol and florfenicol are both approved in food animals
FALSE Florfenicol is approved Chloramphenicol causes human aplastic anemia (contains a para-nitro group)
28
Spectrum of florfenicol?
Broad spectrum gram neg Some gram pos
29
Indications for florfenicol?
BRD Keratoconjunctivitis Bovine interdigital phlegmon
30
MOA of florfenicol?
Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking peptidyltransferase activity at the 50s ribosomal subunit
31
What is the distribution of florfenicol?
Lipid soluble, wide tissue distribution Concentrates in tear film Achieves concentration in CNS above MIC for H. So nice for 20 hours Good lung penetration High urine concentration High levels in mammary tissue
32
What restrictions exist for florfenicol use in food animals?
Extra-label use is permitted Prolonged withdrawal for different than labeled production class
33
What antibiotic class has intracellular activity?
Macrolides Azalides synthesized from erythromycin have a higher positive charge, increasing affinity for intracellular sites
34
What drugs are azalides?
Azithromycin Tulathromycin Gamithomycin Tildipirosin
35
MOA of macrolides?
Inhibits protein binding at the 50s ribosomal subunits Binding side is near florfenicol (can have antagonistic effect)
36
Spectrum of macrolides?
Broad Gram pos and select frame neg Mycoplasma
37
Distribution of macrolides?
Concentrate in cells that are more acidic than plasma Good absorption through gut Accumulate in lysosomes and leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) Tissue concentration is higher than serum concentration
38
Tilmucosin can stay how long in healthy lung tissue?
72 hours
39
Tulathromycin has a half life of _______ in cattle lung and ________ in swine lung?
184hours, 140hours
40
What food animal can lincosamides be used in?
Swine
41
What does lincosamide cause in foregut and hindgut fermenters?
Clostridial overgrowth
42
MOA of lincosamide?
Inhibit 50s ribosome —> inhibit protein synthesis
43
What bacteria in lincosamide usually used for in swine?
Mycoplasma pneumonia | Bacterial arthritis — strep, erysipelohris, or mycoplasma
44
Common adverse effect of lincosamide ?
Swelling of the anus
45
What two fluoroquinolones are approved in cattle?
Enrofloxacin and danofloxacin ELDU is FORBIDDEN
46
Spectrum of fluoroquinolones ?
Most gram neg | Gram positive are variable susceptible and have a higher MIC than gram neg
47
MOA of fluoroquinolones?
Inhibit DNA synthesis and transcription by binding A subunit of DNA gyrase
48
Distribution of fluoroquinolones ?
Lipid soluble, wide distribution

RUSVM LAM II (22 decks)

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