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RUSVM LAM II > Food Animal Urology > Flashcards

Food Animal Urology Flashcards

1
Q

Normal posturing for cows during micturition?

A

Usually urinate right after standing

Arched back, raised tail, straddled legs

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2
Q

How can you collect urine samples from cows, bulls, and ewes?

A

Cows — stimulate vulva or catheterize (feather)

Bulls/steers — preputial massage

Ewes— hold of nose

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3
Q

Where are you palpating when finding the kidneys rectally?

A

Left kidney — 3-5th lumbar vertebrae, usually mobile

Right kidney — 12th thoracic lumbar vertebrae, right side, non-motile (not palpable per rectum)

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4
Q

In what speices is the kidney normally lobulated?

A

Bovine

Smooth in sheep, goats, and pigs

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5
Q

T/F: you can normally feel the ureters of a cow by rectal palpation

A

True

Normally the size of straws

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6
Q

How can you palpate the urethra?

A

Rectally or in perineal area

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7
Q

What is normal USG in cattle?

A

1.020-1.040 , can be as low as 1.007 in dairy cattle

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8
Q

Normal pH of urine?

A

7.0-8.0

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9
Q

What can red urine be caused by?

A

Hematuria
—pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis, Enzootic hematuria, embolic nephritis

Hemoglobinuria
—lepto, bacillary hemoglobinuria, copper toxicity, post-parturient hemoglobinuria, cold water intoxication

Myoglobinuria
— cassia toxicity, capture myopathy

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10
Q

Normal BUN and CREA in bovine?

A

BUN 10-30 mg/dl

CREA <2mg/dl

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11
Q

Who is predisposed to obstructive urolithiasis?

A

Disease of males

—especially castrated due to decreased urethra diameter and preputial attachment still intact

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12
Q

What types of plants have high concentrations of calcium and can lead to Ca carbonate or Ca oxalate stones?

A

Legumes

Oxalates 
—apples 
—sweet potatoes 
—dock 
—pigweed
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13
Q

What are predisposing factors to urolith formation?

A

Increased urine concentration

Urine stasis

Increased urine pH

Increased mineral excretion

Decreased urinary colloids

Desquamated epithelial cells

UT infections

Increased urinary mucoproteins

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14
Q

Most facilities form more readily in _______pH

A

Alkaline

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15
Q

What factors can cause a alkaline urine?

A

Herbivores
High protein diets
UTI

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16
Q

What are common sites for urolith obstruction?

A

Urethral process
— vermiform appendage
—urethral process
—“pizzle”

Distal sigmoid flexure

17
Q

What are the types of uroliths?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate = struvite

Calcium phosphate = apatite

Silicate

Oxalate

Calcium carbonate

18
Q

Prolonged partial obstruction can lead to what pathology?

A

Hydroureter

Hydronephrosis

Bladder wall damage

Urethral strictures

19
Q

Clinical signs of urethral obstruction?

A 
Stranguria 
Urethral pulsation without urination 
Anorexia, mild bloat, lethargy 
Treading, stretching, kicking at abdomen 
Tail switching 
Vocalization (esp goats) 
Palpable bladder distention 
—abdominal palpation in small ruminants 
—rectal palpation in large ruminants 
Azotemia 
Blood or crystals in preputial hairs 
Mild urethral swelling at site of obstruction 
Preputial/rectal prolapse 
Tachypnea 
Tachycardia 
Metabolic abnormalities — hyperkalemia
20
Q

Will you see changes in BUN or CREA first in a cow with urethral obstruction?

A

creatinine

BUN recycled in rumen

21
Q

Ruptured urethra with an accumulation of SQ urine ventrally is also called?

A

Water belly

22
Q

Clinical signs of a ruptured urethra ?

A

Ventral and preputial edema
Aspirated fluids smells like urine when heated

Chronic — skin and SQ sloughing
Preputial adhesions

23
Q

Clinical signs of a ruptured bladder?

A

Gradual abdominal distention

Depression and anorexia

Signs of uremia

Large amounts of abdominal fluid on US

Clear fluid on abdominal tap

24
Q

Treatment for ruptured bladder/urethra?

A

Phenothiazine tranquilizers
IV fluids — 0.9% NaCl
Slow drainage of uroperitoneum via trochanter in cases of ruptured bladder

Paramedian skin incision to drain urine (ruptured urethra)

Antibiotics

Urinary acidifiers

Fluid support — if hyperkalemia — add dextrose

Surgical repair

Flunixin and meloxicam

25
Q

How can a obstructive uroliths be surgically managed?

A

Amputation of the urethral process (small ruminants)

Urethral catheterization/ retrograde flushing

Perineal urethrostomy

Tube cystotomy

Ischial urethrostomy

Cystostomy

26
Q

What is the process for amputation of the urethral process?

A

Exteriorize penis with animal sitting on rump

Amputate process close to attachment of glands

27
Q

What can be complications of urethral catherization?

A

Urethritis
Urethral rupture
Urethral stricture

28
Q

What solution do you use for urinary bladder lavage?

A

Walpol’s solution (glacial acetic acid)

Sedation/anesthesia is required
Titration to acidic pH in the bladder
Ultrasound helpful

29
Q

What surgeries are usually used for urethral obstructions in animals for slaughter?

A

Urethrostomy
Penile amputation
Urethrotomy at site of obstruction

30
Q

What surgeries are usually done for urethral obstruction in breeding animals or pets?

A

Tube cystostomy

Bladder marsupialization

31
Q

What are the functions of tube cystostomy?

A

Diverts urine while allowing urethral swelling to subside, stones can pass

Allows fishing of bladder at surgery

32
Q

What additional care do you do while a tube cystotomy is in place?

A

Tube is left in until urine noted from prepuce ( at least 10 days)

Antibiotics during and after placement

Anti-inflammatory drugs
Flunixin megulmine
Meloxicam

Urinary acidifiers
Acetic acid infusion
Urinary tract analgesics

33
Q

Surgical treatments for urethral rupture?

A

Urethrostomy or penile amputation

Tube cystotomy with primary closure of rupture

34
Q

Surgical treatment for a ruptured urinary bladder?

A

Tube cystostomy for breeding or pet animals

Urethrostomy with catheterization may allow bladder to healed

35
Q

Common post op complications from urethrostomy ?

A

Stricture

Urine scald

36
Q

What are ways that urethral obstruction can be prevented?

A

Delay castration

Recommend females as pets

Increased water intake (4-5% salt in total ration, clean warm water)

Avoid grain supplements, maintain good quality grass hay and loose trace mineralized salt

Breeding or production animals — try to keep grain supplant to <25% of ration

Proper Ca, P, and Mg ratios

Urinary acidifiers — anionic ration or ammonium chloride

RUSVM LAM II (22 decks)

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