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Pharmacology > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What colors do Gram Positive bacteria Stain?

A

dark blue-purple

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2
Q

What colors do Gram negative bacteria stain?

A

pink to red

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3
Q

Bactericidal

A

kills bacteria

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4
Q

bacteriostatic

A

prevents replication

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5
Q

MIC

A

minimum inhibitory concentration test

-the degree of susceptibility of an organism to a specific concentration of a particular drug

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6
Q

Cell Wall Agents

A

B-lactam antibiotics

-includes Penicillins and Cephalosporins

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7
Q

Penicillin Classes

A
  • Natural penicillins
  • Aminopenicillins
  • Potentiated penicillins

(the most common)

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8
Q

Natural Penicillins

A

-Includes Penicillin G

  • narrow spectrum against non-B-lactamase producing gram positive, but also a few gram negative and many anaerobes
  • bactericidal
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9
Q

Aminopenicillins (or “Broad-spectrum” penicillins or ampicillin penicillins)

A

Includes: ampicillin and amoxicillin

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10
Q

Potentiated Penicillins

A

B-lactamase inhibitor

-Clavulanate (clavulanic acid) + amoxicillin (Clavamox)

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11
Q

Penicillin adverse effects and contradictions

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • rodents
  • GI distress-give with food if this occurs
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12
Q

Cephalosporins

A
  • Bactericidal
  • High therapeutic index but cross sensitivity with penicillin

USES: cystitis, skin and soft tissue infections, mastitis, respiratory infection
Side Effects: GI distress, pain on injection, diarrhea, or superinfections

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13
Q

First Generation Cephalosporin

A
  • Cefadroxil
  • Cephalexin
  • Cephapirin (Cefa-Lak)
    • intramammary infusion to treat mastitis
    • OTC
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14
Q

Second generation cephalosporins

A
  • Cefoxitin (Mefoxin)

- Cefaclor (Ceclor)

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15
Q

Third generation cephalosporins

A

Gram positive and most active of cephalosporins

  • Cetiofur (Naxcel)
    • Cattle, swine, sheep, goats, horses, day old chicks
    • approved for use in dairy cattle-no milk needs to be discarded
  • Cefovecin sodium(Convenia) (SQ long act)
  • Cefodoxime (Simplicef)(once a day)
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16
Q

Cell Membrane agents

A
  • Polymyxin B (bactericidal)

- nephrotoxic–> topical only

17
Q

Protein Synthesis Agents

A

-interfere with translation and bacterial ribosomal subunits

  • aminoglycosides(bactericidal)
  • tertracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolide and lincosides (bacteriostatic)
18
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Bactericidal

Side Effects: ototoxic and nephrotoxic

Dosage Forms:

  • Gentomycin (Gentocin)
  • Amikacin
  • Neomycin
19
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Bacteriostatic
Side Effects: binds growing bones and teeth, esophageal stricture

DO NOT ADMINISTER WITH CATIONS, NEVER GIVE RAPID IV INJECTION
-expired drugs are nephrotoxic

Dosage Forms:

  • Tetracycline (Panmycin)
  • Oxytetracycline (Terramycin)
  • Doxycycline (lyme disease)
20
Q

What is the first choice of drug for Lyme disease?(Rickettsial Disease)

A

Doxycycline

21
Q

Florfenicol

A

Bacteriostatic
USED IN CATTLE AND SWINE

Dosage Form:
-Nuflor

22
Q

Antimetabolites

A
  • Sulfonamides(bacteriostatic) = interferes with folic acid
  • Potentiated sulfas (bactericidal) = Side effects: crystalluria, dry eye (KCS), blood dyscrasias, hypothyroidism

EXAMPLES:

  • Sulfonamides
    • Sulfadimethoxine(Albon)
  • Potentiated sulfas
    • Sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (Tribrissen) (primor)
23
Q

Nucleic Acid Agents

A

-Fluoroquinolones
USES: broad-spectrum and bactericidal
Side Effects: Arthropathy in young animals

Dosage Forms:

  • Enrofloxacin(Baytril)
  • orbiofloxacin (orbax)
  • Marbofloxacin (Zeniquen)
  • Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
24
Q

Lincosamides

A

USES: URI, osteomyelitis in dogs and cats, mastitis in cattle

Dosage Forms:

  • Clindamycin (Antirobe)
  • Lincomycin (Lincocin)
25
Q

Macrolides

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

Dosage Forms:

  • Azithromycin(Zithromax)
  • Erythromycin
  • Tylosin (tylan powder)
26
Q

Metronidazole

A

Used to treat Giardia in dogs and cats
Used for anaerobic infections

Side Effects: neurological disorders, hepatotoxicity, anorexia

27
Q

Antifungals

A

Infections are either superficial (skin and mucous membranes, topical) or systemic

USES: topical, oral or parenteral treatment of mycoses

Dosage Forms:

  • Itraconazole(Sporanox)
  • Ketoconazole
  • Griseofulvin
  • Nystatin, Miconazole(topical)

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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