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Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List the Anticholinergic drugs.

A

Atropine
Glycopyrolate
Pralidoxime (2-PAM)

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2
Q

Atropine

A 
-- Anticholinergic
What is it used for? 
-Preanestehtic
-Increases heart rate
-Mydriatic: Dilates pupils
-Organophosphate antidote

Does it have a reversal agent? No
Is it a controlled substance? No

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3
Q

Glycopyrolate

A

– Anticholinergic
What is it used for?
-Preanesthetic
-Increases heart rate

Does it have a reversal agent? No
Is it a controlled substance? No

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4
Q

Peralidoxime (2-PAM)

A

–Anticholineric
What is it used for?
-Treats organophosphate toxicity

Is it a controlled substance? No
Does it have a reversal agent? No

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5
Q

List the Phenothiazine Drugs.

A
  • Acepromazine

- Propofol

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6
Q

Acepromazine

A

–Phenothiazine drug
What is it used for?
- Preanesthetic
- Causes Sedation/ relieves anxiety

Does it have a reversal agent? No
Is it a controlled substance? No

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7
Q

Propofol

A

–Phenothiazine Drug

Is it a controlled substance? No
Does it have a reversal agent? No

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8
Q

List the Adrenergic Drugs.

A

(emergency drugs)

  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinepherine
  • Dopamine
  • Dobutamine
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9
Q

Epinephrine

A

–Adrenergic drug
What is it used for?
-increases cardiac output/stimulates the heart to beat
-Vasoconstrictor: Increases blood pressure
-Treat anaphylaxis

Does it have a reversal agent? No
Is it a controlled substance? No

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10
Q

Norepinepherine

A

–Adrenergic Drug
What is it used for?
-Increases Cardiac output
-Vasoconstrictor: increases blood pressure

Does it have a reversal agent? No
Is it a controlled substance? No

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11
Q

Dopamine

A

–Adrenergic Drug
What is it used for?
-Vasoconstrictor: increases blood pressure

Does it have a reversal agent? No
Is it a controlled substance? No

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12
Q

Dobutamine

A

–Adrenergic Drug
What is it used for?
-Vasoconstrictor: Increases blood pressure
-Increases cardiac output

Does it have a reversal agent? No
Is it a controlled substance? No

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13
Q

List the Dissociative drugs.

A
  • Ketamine

- Tiletamine(Found in Telezol)

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14
Q

Ketamine

A 
--Dissociative drug
What is it used for?
-Dissociative
-Anesthetic 
-sedative

Controlled Substance: Schedule C-III
Does it have a reversal Agent? No

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15
Q

Tiletamine

A

-Dissociative drug
-Found in Telezol
What is it used for?
-Dissociative
-Anesthetic
-sedative

Controlled Substance: C-III
Does it have a reversal agent? No

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16
Q

List the Opiod Drugs

A
  • Morphine
  • Hydromorphone
  • Oxymorphone
  • Meperidine
  • Fentanyl
  • Buprenophine
  • Butorphanol

Biggest Side Effect: respiratory depression

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17
Q

Morphine

A 
--Opiod drug
What is it used for?
-Mu agonist
-Analgesic
-Preanesthetic
-Emetic

Controlled Substance: C-II
Reversal Agent: Naloxone & Butorphanol

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18
Q

Hydromorphone

A 
--Opiod drug
What is it used for?
-Mu agonist
-Analgesic 
-Preanestheic
Reversal Agent: Naloxone & Butorphanol
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19
Q

Oxymorphone

A 
--Opiod drug
What is it used for?
-Mu agonist
-Analgesic 
-Preanesthetic

Reversal Agent: Naloxone & Butorphanol
Controlled Substance: C-II

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20
Q

Meperidine

A

–Opiod Drug
What is it used for?
- Mu agonist
-Analgesic

Reversal Agent: Naloxone & Butorphanol
Controlled Substance: C-II

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21
Q

Fentanyl

A 
--Opiod Drug
What is it used for? 
-Mu agonist
-Analgesic 
-Pre anesthetic

Reversal Agent: Naloxone & Butorphanol
Controlled Substance: C-II

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22
Q

Buprenophine

A

–opiod drug
What is it used for?
-Partial Mu agonist

Reversal Agent: Naloxone
Controlled Substance: C-III

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23
Q

Butorphanol

A 
--opiod drug
What is it used for?
-Mu agonist
-Kappa Agonist
-SEDATIVE
-Analgesia (minimal)
-Antitussive: Cough suppressant

Reversal Agent: Naloxone (partial reversal)
Controlled Substance: C-IV

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24
Q

List the Benzodiazepine drugs.

A

(anti anxiety drugs)

  • Diazepam(Valium)
  • Midazolam
  • Alprazolam(Xanax)
  • Zolazepam(found in Telazol)
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25
Q

Diazepam(Valium)

A 
--Benzodiazepine drug
What is it used for?
-sedative
-anticonvulsant
-preanesthetic
  • Anti-anxiety
  • appetite stimulant in cats

Reversal Agent: Flumazenil
Controlled Substance: C-IV

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26
Q

Midazolam

A 
--Benzodiazepine drug
What is it used for?
-sedative
-anticonvulsant
-preanesthetic

*anti-anxiety

Reversal Agent: Flumazenil
Controlled Substance: C-IV

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27
Q

Alprazolam(xanax)

A

–Benzodiazepine drug
What is it used for?
-sedative
-preanesthetic

*anti-anxiety

Reversal Agent: Flumazenil
Controlled Substance: C-IV

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28
Q

Zolazepam

A

–Benzodiazepine drug
What is it used for?
-sedative
-preanesthetic

*anti-anxiety

Reversal Agent: Flumazenil
Controlled Substance: C-III

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29
Q

What is a Prescription?

A

A drug that is limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations.

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30
Q

What is a non-prescription drug?

A

A non-prescription drug is an over-the-counter (OTC) drug. It can be purchased without supervision of a veterinarian.

They do not have a significant potential for toxicity or require special administration(Ex- aspirin, benadryl)

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31
Q

What is a package insert?

A

A package insert contains the trade and generic name, controlled substance notation, dosage administration, warnings, side effects, storage, etc.

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32
Q

What is an Extra-Label?

A

An extra-label is used for drugs that are used in a manner that is not specifically designed on the FDA- approved label.

-It is allowed under the Animal Medicinal Drug use clarification Act of 1994 ( AMDUCA)

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33
Q

Federal Controlled Substance Act

A
  • 1970 comprehensive drug abuse, prevention, and controlled act.
    • controlled substance defined under law
    • regulates manufacturing, distribution, & dispensing
    • 5 schedules
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34
Q

FDA

A

food and drug administration

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35
Q

DEA

A

drug enforcement administration

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36
Q

Schedule I

A

drugs used with high abuse potential and no accepted medical use.

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37
Q

Schedule II

A

high abuse potential and accepted medical use

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38
Q

Schedule III

A

moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use

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39
Q

Schedule IV(4)

A

low abuse potential and accepted medical use

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40
Q

Schedule V(5)

A

limited abuse potential and accepted medical use

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41
Q

B.I.D

A

twice a day

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42
Q

g (gm)

A

gram

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43
Q

gr

A

grain

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44
Q

gtt

A

drop

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45
Q

h (hr)

A

hour

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46
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

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47
Q

IP

A

intraperitoneal

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48
Q

IV

A

intravenous

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49
Q

L

A

liter

50
Q

mg

A

milligram

51
Q

mL

A

milliliter

52
Q

OD

A

right eye

53
Q

OS

A

left eye

54
Q

OU

A

both eyes

55
Q

PO

A

by mouth

56
Q

prn

A

when needed

57
Q

q

A

every

58
Q

q4h

A

every 4 hours

59
Q

q8h

A

every 8 hours

60
Q

qd

A

every day

61
Q

qh

A

every hour

62
Q

q.i.d.

A

4 times daily

63
Q

q.o.d.

A

every other day

64
Q

s.i.d.

A

once a day

65
Q

SQ/SC

A

subcutaneous

66
Q

t.i.d.

A

three times daily

67
Q

EOD

A

every other day

68
Q

Compounding drugs

A

manipulation of a drug that is not provided for in an FDA approved drug label.

  • to add flavoring
  • alternative route of administration
69
Q

Solution

A

mixture of substances made by dissolving solids into liquids or liquids into liquids

70
Q

Solvent

A

the dissolving substance

71
Q

Solute

A

substance dissolved in a solvent(liquid) to form a solution

72
Q

Dilution

A

reduction of a concentration of a substance

73
Q

Diluent

A

agent that dilutes

74
Q

Receptors of the SNS(adrenergic)

A

Alpha 1
Alpha 2
Beta 1
Beta 2

75
Q

Alpha 1 receptor

A

increases force of heart contraction, increases blood pressure, and causes mydriasis.

  • stimulatory
  • adrenergic
76
Q

Alpha 2 receptor

A

inhibits release of norepinephrine and dilutes blood vessels, producing hypotension

  • stimulatory
  • adrenergic
77
Q

Beta 1 receptor

A

increases heart rate and force of heart contraction

  • inhibitory
  • adrenergic
78
Q

Beta 2 receptor

A

dilates bronchioles and relaxes the gastrointestinal tract

  • inhibitory
  • adrenergic
79
Q

Primary neurotransmitters:

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine

80
Q

receptors of the PSNS(cholinergic)

A
  • nicotinic
  • muscarinic

Neurotransmitter is: acetylcholine which binds with both receptor types

81
Q

I: ANS Agents

A

Cholinergics

  • Parasympathomimetics
  • Mimic acetylcholine action (direct) or inhibit its breakdown (indirect)
Side effects: bradycardia, hypotension, increased intestinal activity, SLUD
Uses:
Stimulate GI motility
Control vomiting
Treat urinary retention
Antidote for neuromuscular blockers
Reduce IOP in glaucoma
Aid diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
82
Q

Direct Acting cholinergics

A

Dosage forms:

  • Metoclopromide(reglan)
    • used to control vomitting and promote gastric emptying
  • Bethanechol(urecholine)
    • To treat GI and urinary tract
  • Pilocarpine
    • reduces IOP associated with glaucoma
83
Q

Indirect acting cholinergics

A

=Anticholinesterase agents

Dosage Forms:

  • Edrophonium (Tensilon®)
  • Diagnose myasthenia gravis
  • Neostigmine and Physostigmine
  • Urinary retention, GI atony, and antidote for n-euromuscular blocking agents
  • Organophosphates
  • Insecticide dips
84
Q

Cholinergic blocking agents

A

-Anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) drugs

Uses:

  • Treat vomiting and diarrhea by ↓GI motility
  • Preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent -bradycardia
  • Dilate pupils (mydriatic)
  • Relieve ciliary spasm
  • Increase heart rate

Side effects: tachycardia, constipation, photophobia, drowsiness

85
Q

Cholinergic Blocking Agents(prt2)

A

Dosage Forms:
-Atropine
Preanesthetic, mydriatic, OP antidote
-Glycopyrrolate
preanesthetic
-Amimopentamide (Centrine®)
Control vomiting & diarrhea in dogs and cats
-Propantheline (Pro-Banthine®)
Treat diarrhea and reduce colonic peristalsis in
horses
-Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
Treat OP toxicity by reactivating acetylcholinesterase

86
Q

Adrenergic Drugs

A

-Sympathomimetics

Uses:

  • Cardiac arrest
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Hypotension
  • Allergic reaction
  • Prolong effects local anesthetics

Side effects: tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias

87
Q

Adrenergic Drugs

A

Dosage Forms:

  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Isoproterenol
  • Dopamine
  • Dobutamine
  • Phenylpropanolamine- for urinary incontinence
  • Albuterol and Terbutaline – bronchodilators
  • Xylazine and Medetomidine
88
Q

Adrenergic blocking agents

A

Sympatholytics; block effects to adrenergic NT’s

  • Act as antagonists to alpha- and beta- receptors
  • Include alpha blockers and beta blockers
89
Q

Alpha Blockers

A
  • Uses: promote vasodilation and decrease BP
  • Side Effects: tachycardia, hypotension, muscle tremors

Dosage Forms:
Phenoxybenzamine
Yohimbine and Atipamezole (Antisedan®)

90
Q

Beta Blockers

A
  • Uses: decrease heart rate and BP; treat glaucoma
  • Side effects: bradycardia and hypotension

Dosage forms:
Propanolol
Atenolol
Timolol - treat glaucoma

91
Q

II: CNS Agents

A 
A. Tranquilizers
B. Barbiturates
C. Dissociatives
D. Opioids
E. Neuroleptanalgesics
F. Anticonvulsants
G. Inhalant anesthetics
92
Q

Tranquilizers and Sedatives

A
  • Tranquilizers calm animals and used to reduce anxiety and aggression
  • Sedatives decrease irritability and excitement and are used to quiet animals
  • Both produce a relaxed state but do NOT produce significant analgesia so animals can respond quickly and viciously to painful stimuli
93
Q

Phenothiazine Derivatives

A

-Work by unknown mechanism

Cause sedation, relieve fear and anxiety, do not provide analgesia, depress CRTZ and prevent vomiting

  • Uses: anti-emetic, prevent motion sickness, sedation, preanesthetic
  • Side effects: hypotension, lowering seizure threshold, protrusion of nictitating membrane, paraphymosis (retraction of prepuce) in horses
94
Q

Phenothiazine Derivatives

A 
Dosage forms:
Acepromazine maleate (PromAce®)
95
Q

Benzodiazepines

A
  • Anti-anxiety drugs, anticonvulsant activity, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulants
  • Uses: sedation, seizures, appetite stimulant in cats, combined with ketamine for anesthesia
  • Side effects: CNS excitement
  • Reversal agent: Flumazenil
Dosage Forms:
Diazepam (Valium®)
Midazolam 
Alprazolam (Xanax®)
Zolazepam (found in Telazol ®)
96
Q

Alpha-2 agonists

A

Bind to alpha-2 receptors that normally release norepinephrine –>NE decreased (normally maintains alertness) so absence NE produces sedation; produce calming, some analgesia, and muscle relaxation

  • Uses: sedation, analgesia, induction vomiting in cats
  • Side effects: bradycardia, heart block, hypotension, respiratory depression

NOTE: ruminants, especially cattle, are extremely sensitive so dose with caution (use 1/10th the dose)

97
Q

Alpha-2 Agonists

A

Dosage forms:
Xylazine (Rompun®)

Reversal agents are alpha adrenergic blocking agents:
Yohimbine (Yobine ®)

Detomidine (Dormosedan®)
Used in horses
Better analgesia than xylazine
Severe respiratory and cardiovascular side effects

Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor®)
For dogs as sedative and analgesic
Used for minor surgical procedures
-SE: bradycardia and decreased respiration
-Reversal agent: Atipamezole (Antisedan®)
-Note: anticholinergics not recommended because of chance of arrhythmias

98
Q

Barbiturates

A

CNS depressants

-Uses: anticonvulsants, anesthetics, euthanasia

Classified according to duration of action: ultra short-acting, short-acting, long-acting

99
Q

Barbiturates

A

-Phenobarbital
Long acting, 8-12 hours
C-IV controlled substance
anticonvulsant

-Pentobarbital
Short acting, 1-2 hours
C-II
Anticonvulsant and euthanasia solution

-Thiopental
Ultrashort acting induction agent
C-III
Caution with thin animals and sighthounds
Currently not available in US
100
Q

Dissociatives

A

Belong the Cyclohexamine family

  • Cause muscle rigidity (catalepsy), amnesia, and mild analgesia, pharyngeal/laryngeal reflex remains intact, blink reflex absent, still have deep abdominal pain
  • Uses: sedation, restraint, anesthesia
  • Side effects: burning at injection site; convulsions, respiratory depression, corneal drying (must instill lubricant)
Dosage Forms:
Ketamine (Ketaset®)
C-III
Tiletamine (in combination with zolazepam in Telazol ®)
C-III
101
Q

Opiods

A
  • Analgesics reduce the sensation of pain
  • Analgesics can be narcotic or nonnarcotic
  • Nonnarcotic analgesics act on peripheral NS, less potent, and non-addictive
  • Narcotics used for moderate to severe pain in smooth muscles, organs, and bones
  • Sedative and analgesic properties
  • Narcotic refers to opioid (natural) or opioid-like (synthetic) and are controlled substances
102
Q

Narcotic Analgesics

A

-Classes of opioid receptors
Mu, kappa, sigma

-Type of interaction with receptor
Full agonists
Partial agonists
Antagonists

Uses:
Analgesia
Sedation
Anesthesia
Restraint
Antitussive
Antidiarrheal
Side Effects
Respiratory depression
↓ C.O.
Nausea and vomiting
constipation-↓ GI motility
Excitement – cats and horses
Tolerance & dependency
103
Q

Naturally Occuring Narcotics

A

-Morphine
Potency of all others are compared with morphine
C-II controlled substance
Used to treat severe pain; also as preanesthetic or
anesthetic

104
Q

Synthetic narcotics

A

-Hydromorphone C-II
-Oxymorphone C-II
-Meperidine C-II
-Fentanyl (Duragesic® transdermal patch)
C-II
Must apply with gloves; fur is clipped, skin is
cleansed and dried over dorsal neck area or on limb
Do not allow animal to lick or chew
Remain for 3 days and bandaged
Do not heat patch, caution if animal has fever
-Methadone C-II
Causes less vomiting than the other pure agonists
Better choice for painful ophthalmic surgeries

-Buprenorphine (Buprenex®)
Potent and long-term analgesic (8-12 hrs.)
Partial agonist
Can be used buccally in cats
C-III
-Hydrocodone (Hycodan ®)
Antitussive
C-III
-Etorphine
1000 times more potent than morphine
C-II
Used in zoo animals
Diprenorphine is antagonist; lethal in people
-Butorphanol
Torbutrol®-antitussive in dogs, analgesic and
preanesthetic in dogs and cats
Torbugesic®-analgesic in horses, tranquilizer in
horses
C-IV controlled substance
-Apomorphine
GI drug: emetic
Can be place in conjunctival sac to induce emesis

105
Q

Opioid Antagonist

A

-Naloxone (Narcan®)
Pure opioid antagonist
Given IV or IM
Few side effects

106
Q

Neuroleptanalgesia

A

-Tranquilizer + opioid
Effects: CNS depression and analgesia, May or may not produce unconciousness
Side effects: Very sensitive to sound, bradycardia, panting
-Often compounded in clinic
Acepromazine + morphine
Xylazine + butorphanol

107
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

Seizure: recurrent abnormal electrical activity in brain= altered brain function: loss of consciousness, muscle tone and movement, altered sensations

  • Recurrent seizures of unknown cause = idiopathic epilepsy
  • Status epilepticus = ongoing seizures
108
Q

Anticonvulsants(drugs)

A

-Phenobarbital
-Drug of choice for long-term control in dogs & cats
-Long acting barbiturate
-C-IV controlled substance
-Enzyme induction–> drug concentrations decrease
-Initially sedation and ataxia but diminish over time
PP, PU, PD

-Primidone
     Converted to phenobarbital by liver
-Diazepam (Valium®)
     Drug of choice for status epilepticus; short-term 
     control
     Give IV
     C-IV controlled substance

-Potassium bromide, KBr
Used as adjunct when phenobarbital or primidone
alone cannot control seizures
Powder is sprinkled on food or liquid is squirted in
mouth
Must be compounded

109
Q

Inhalant Anesthetics

A

-Volatile anesthetics (liquids) delivered by a vaporizer (converted to gas) and inhaled into lungs; diffuse from high concentration in alveoli into area of low concentration in blood–> well perfused brain; when vaporizer turned off, anesthetic moves from blood to alveoli and is expired

-Compared by minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) value
measure of potency
MAC is lowest concentration of an anesthetic that p
produces no response to painful stimuli in 50%
patients
Lower MAC=less gas to produce anesthesia=more
potent anesthetic

110
Q

Inhalant Anesthetics (drugs)

A

Exposure to waste gas is health hazard: reproductive, hepatic, and renal effects

Uses: induce and maintain general anesthesia

Most common are:
-Isoflurane (Isoflo®) pungent odor so difficult to ‘mask down’

-Sevoflurane (SevoFlo®) odorless so good for mask induction; very rapid recovery; useful high risk patients;
expensive

-Halothane-older agent, sensitizes heart to catecholamines –>arrhythmias; malignant hyperthermia=sudden onset elevated temp –>brain damage or death, pigs, horses, occas. dogs & cats

-Nitrous oxide
‘Laughing gas’
Inhalant analgesic used to decrease amount of other
anesthetic used
Blue cylinder
Diffuses rapidly and can enter gas-filled
compartments (stomach, intestines)
At end surgery, leave on pure oxygen 10 minutes to
prevent diffusion hypoxia when it rapidly diffuses out
tissues –>bloodalveoli

111
Q

Miscellaneous

A

CNS stimulants

Doxapram (Dopram V®)
-stimulates respiratory centers. Used to reverse CNS depression in neonates after C-section; administer sublingually via umbilical cord in neonates

Propofol (PropoFlo28 ®)
-White colored emulsion, “milk of amnesia”
Uses: anesthetic induction agent, Short-acting general anesthetic; give slowly IV
Side effects: apnea if given to quickly

Glyceryl Guiacolate or Guifenasin
-Equine “triple drip”: medetomidine, ketamine, guifenasin

112
Q

Alfaxalone

A
  • IV injectable neuroactive steroid molecule used as an induction agent
  • Negligible analgesic effects
  • Respiratory depression and apnea biggest concerns if given too rapidly IV
113
Q

Behavioral agents: Antianxiety meds

A

Benzodiazepines:

  • Diazepam
  • Alprazolam (Xanax®)

Buspirone:
to control urine spraying in cats

114
Q

Behavioral agents: Antidepressants

A

-Tricyclics (TCAs)
Uses: separation anxiety, obsessive disorders
Side effects: sedation, tachycardia, decrease lacrimation

Dosage forms:
Amitriptyline
Clomipramine (Clomicalm®)

-Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Uses: variety of behavioral disorders
Side effects: lethargy, anorexia

Dosage form:
Fluoxitine (Reconcile®)

-Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Block breakdown of dopamine
Uses: old-dog dementia = canine cognitive
dysfunction

Dosage Form:
Selegiline (Anipryl ®)

115
Q

Euthanasia agents

A

Euthanasia solutions:

-Humanely end life

-Pentobarbital sodium (Sleepaway ®) C-II
-Pentobarbital sodium and phenytoin (Euthasol®);
(Beuthanasia D ®) with blue dye C-III

116
Q

Expectorants

A
  • increase the coughing up of material from lungs which is either swallowed of spit out
  • increasing the fluidity (liquefy) mucus
  • PRODUCTIVE COUGHS
  • more effective to maintain systemic hydration and humidify inspired air

Guaifenesin: acts by irritating gastric mucosa and stimulating PSNS which ups respiratory secretions

 - SE: nausea
 - "GG"- equine triple-drip general anesthesia to produce muscle relaxation

DO NOT COMBINE EXPECTORANTS WITH ANTITUSSIVES

117
Q

Mucolytics

A

Infection/inflammation can cause dry, thick & sticky (inspissated) mucus –>mucociliary apparatus becomes less effective

-Used to break up mucus and ↓ viscosity

Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst®)

  • Administered by nebulization or by mouth
  • SE: nausea if oral
118
Q

Acetylcysteine

A

** Also used to treat acetaminophen toxicity in cats

  • given IV
  • helps metabolize the hepatotoxic acetaminophen
  • metabolite to a nontoxic metabolite and helps prevent the conversion of hemoglobin to nonfunctional methemoglobin
119
Q

Antitussives

A
  • Block cough reflex
  • Centrally acting only type used vet med (peripherally acting = lozenges or cough drops)
  • These drugs are only indicated for patients with hacking, unproductive coughs
120
Q

Butorphanol (Torbutrol ®)

A

Centrally acting opioid cough suppressant (narcotic)

  • C-IV controlled substance
  • Used as antitussive, analgesia and anesthetic
  • SE: sedation and ataxia, nausea, appetite suppression
121
Q

Codeine

A

C-II (pure codeine) through C-V (codeine + cold preparations) controlled substance

  • Component of many human preparations
  • SE: sedation and constipation (opioids slow GI motility and secretions)

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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