Endocrine and reproductive drugs

Question 1

What is the master control gland?

Answer 1

Pituitary

Question 2

Anterior Pituitary

adenohypophysis

Answer 2

secretes TSH,ACTH, GH(BST), FSH, LH, LTH (PROLACTIN), BST

Question 3

Posterior pituitary

neurohypophysis

Answer 3

secretes ADH (vasopressin) and OXY

Question 4

Stages of estrus cycle

Answer 4

Proestrus: period of cycle before receptive; FSH

Estrus: female is receptive; FSH lower and LH higher; follicle ruptures

Metestrus: no longer receptive; CL forms and produces progesterone if pregnant

Diestrus: short phase of inactivity between cycles in polyestrus animals

Anestrus: sexually quiescen; long phase in seasonally polyestrous or monestrous animals

Question 5

Male-hormone like drugs

Answer 5

Androgens= male sex hormones

Adrongergic: development of male sex hormones and secondary sexual characteristics
Anabolic: promote tissue building such as weight gain, red blood cell production

Question 6

Testosterone

Answer 6

Uses: treat infertility and hypogonadism; produce teaser cattle; urinary incontinence in male dogs

Side Effects: premature growth plate closure, vaginitis

Dosage Form: Testosterone

Question 7

Mibolerone

Answer 7

Blocks the release of LH from pituitary; start 30 days prior proestrus

Uses: prevent estrus and treat pseudocyesis

DO NOT USE IN CATS: LOW MARGIN SAFETY AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIABETES

Dosage Forms: Cheque Drops

Question 8

Female Hormone-like drugs

Answer 8

Ovaries and placenta mainly produce estrogen, but also testes and adrenal glands

-Estrogen promotes female sex characteristics, stimulates and maintains female repro tract, necessary for uterus to contact and respond to oxytocin

Question 9

Estrogens

Answer 9

Uses: treat urinary incontinence in dogs, treat persistent CL in cattle, aid expulsion retained in cattle, induce estrus in horses

Side Effects: pyometra, bone marrow suppression, follicular cysts, endometrial hyperplasia

Dosage Forms:

• Estradiol (ECP) injection
• Diethylstilbesterol (DES) tablets

Question 10

Progestins

Answer 10

Uses: block estrus in bitch; maintain pregnancy in cattle and horses, delay/synchronize estrus

Side Effects: in dogs- hyperglycemia, adrenal suppression, pyometra

Dosage Forms:

• megesterol acetate (ovaban) for dogs
• Altrenogest (for horses; can be absorbed through the skin)

Question 11

Prostaglandins

Answer 11

PG F 2x in female repro tract causes lysis of CL, contraction of uterine muscle

Uses: estrus synchronization in cattle and horses. Treatment of pyometra. Induce parturition in small animals and induce abortion in animals carrying dead fetus, twins, or young animal.

PREGNANT WOMEN AND ASTHMATICS SHOULD NOT HANDLE

Dosage Form: Dinoprost (Lutalvse)

Question 12

Stimulating Uterine Contraction

Answer 12

Oxytocin

Uses: induction of labor, retained placenta, involution, induce milk let down

Question 13

Neutersol

Answer 13

• A nonsurgical neutering drug; approved use for 3-10 month old male dogs
• Should not be used in cryptorchids
• still sterile for 60 days

Side Effects: vocalization upon injection, vomiting

Question 14

Hypothyroidism

Answer 14

characterized by deficiency of thyroid hormone

Signs: decrease coat luster or alopecia, weight gain without appetite, listlessness, intolerance to cold, reporoductive failure, susceptibility to skin infections

Drug of Choice:
-Levothryroxine sodium(T4)
(Soloxine)

Question 15

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 15

-excessive function of gland–>excessive hormone, increased nervous activity, increased metabolism

MOST COMMON IN OLDER CATS

Signs: polydipsia, polyphagia with weight loss, polyuria, tachycardia

Drug of Choice: Methimazole(Tapazole) – antithyroid drug

Question 16

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 16

-The pancreas produces two hormones:
Insulin by beta cells and glucagon by alpha cells

-Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose by cells and its storage in the form of glycogen

Diabetic animals have hyperglycemia, glucosuria, PU, PD, and alterations in fat metabolism that can lead to toxic effects and coma

Question 17

Insulin

Answer 17

concentraion expressed in units of insulin per milliliter

-Available in 40 units.ml (U-40), 100 units per ml (U-100)

Insulin overdose: weakness, ataxia, tremors or seizures, treat by administering Karo Syrup

Question 18

Categories of Insulin

Answer 18

• Short-acting (regular)
  
  • used to treat diabetic ketoacidosis
  • IV
• Intermediate acting
  
  • NPH, PZI, Lente, Humulin-N
  • used to treat uncomplicated diabetes in dogs/cats
  • SQ 4-24hrs
• Long Acting
  
  • Glargine(Lantus)
  • SQ

Question 19

Oral hypoglymic agents

Answer 19

stimulate pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin

NOT EFFECTIVE IN DOGS

Dosage Form: Glipizide (Glucotrol) tablets

Question 20

Adrenocotical Insufficiency (Addisons)(hypoadrenocorticism)

Answer 20

Treat with mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

Question 21

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushings)

Answer 21

Dosage Form:

• Mitotane(Lysodren)
• Selegiline (Anipryl)
• Vetoryl (Trilostane)

Question 22

Anabolic Steroids

Answer 22

C-III controlled substance

Dosage Form:
-Stanozol (Winstrol-V)