Chapter 14

Question 1

Pain sensation arises in free nerve endings called ___

Answer 1

Nociceptors

Question 2

List some signs associated with pain in animals.

Answer 2

• increased heart rate
• increased respiratory rate
• guarding the painful site
• vocalization
• salivation
• abnormal stance
• failure to groom

Question 3

NSAIDS that preferentially inhibit _____ are thought to produce fewer gastrointestinal side effects.

Answer 3

COX-2

Question 4

Why are cats so susceptible to aspirin overdose?

Answer 4

Cats metabolize aspirin very slowly

Question 5

What is the most common side effect of the NSAIDS?

Answer 5

Gastrointestinal ulceration and or bleeding

Question 6

Phenylbutazone should be administered parenterally by the subcutaneous route only. T/F

Answer 6

False

Question 7

What class II opiod is administered via transdermal patch?

Answer 7

Fentanyl

Question 8

Corticosteroid therapy involves treatment of the signs of disease and often cures the disease. T/F

Answer 8

False

Question 9

What function do mineralocorticoids serve in the body?

Answer 9

These substances regulate electrolyte and water balance in the body.

Question 10

List some principles that should be followed concerning corticosteroid therapy.

Answer 10

Alternate-day dosing may help prevent iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism; administration should be tapered off gradually; very large doses may be used in certain emergency situations; corticosteroids should be avoided when corneal ulcers are treated; use aseptic technique when injecting into joints.

Question 11

What does the term iatrogenic mean?

Answer 11

caused by the doctor

Question 12

Describe the side effects of short-term and long-term corticosteroid use.

Answer 12

short-term side effects of corticosteroid uses include:

• polydipsia
• polyuria
• polyphagia
• delayed healing

Long term effects:

• thinning of the skin
• gastric ulcers
• osteoporosis
• iatrogenic Cushing’s disease

Question 13

What is the mechanism of action of local anethetic agents?

Answer 13

Local anesthetics prevent generation and conduction of nerve impulses by peripheral nerves.

Question 14

What are some indications for the use of local anesthetics?

Answer 14

Local anesthetics are used for infiltrating into local areas for suturing wounds, for nerve blocks (lameness examination), for antiarrhythmic effects, for topical us, and others

Question 15

The body is able to produce its own opiate-like analgesic agents called ___

Answer 15

endorphins

Question 16

A substance that can initiate a fever is called a(an) _____

Answer 16

pyrogen

Question 17

_______ is also known as acetylsalicylic acid.

Answer 17

Aspirin

Question 18

___ is a pyrazolone derivative.

Answer 18

Phenylbutazone

Question 19

Flunixin meglumine is a(an) ____

Answer 19

NSAID

Question 20

DMSO causes ____ when applied topically.

Answer 20

vasodilation

Question 21

____ is considered (even today) to be one of the most effective of the opioids.

Answer 21

Morphine

Question 22

___ is(are) a major chemical mediator(s) of the allergic response.

Answer 22

Histamine

Question 23

All of the following are corticosteroids except ______.

A. dexamethasone
B. Predef
C. Vetalog
D. ketoprofen

Answer 23

ketoprofen

Question 24

A local anesthetic such as lidocaine may be the drug of choice when an epidural is performed to replace a prolapsed uterus in a bovine. T/F

Answer 24

True

Question 25

List 4 steps involved in the production of pain sensation.

Answer 25

Transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception

Question 26

Define WINDUP as it applies to pain production

Answer 26

Central sensitization/ hyperalgesia due to repeated stimulation of neurons of the spinothalamic tract.

Question 27

Pain resulting from tissue injury is called ____ pain.

Answer 27

pathologic

Question 28

Pain arising from abdominal or thoracic organs is called ___ pain.

Answer 28

visceral

Question 29

List a class of drugs that would alter pain recognition and perception.

Answer 29

Opioids

Question 30

Pain control that utilizes a combination of drugs acting at different sites in the pain production pathways is called ___ therapy.

Answer 30

multimodal